•NRLF 


D71 


OV/7 


NOTES  ON  THE  3  INCH 
GUN  MATERIEL 

AND 

FIELD  ARTILLERY  EQUIPMENT 


COMPILED  FOR 

THE  RESERVE  OFFICERS'  TRAINING  CORPS 
OF  YALE  UNIVERSITY 

(Revised  and  Enlarged) 


BY 

LIEUT.-COL  E.  L  GRUBER 

FIELD  ARTILLERY,  N.  A. 


CONTENTS 

Pages 

Introduction  : — Object    of    Instruction 1 

The  Gun  : — Description ?, 

Weights  &  Dimensions 3 

Nomenclature  3 

The  Breech  Mechanism  : — Description 5 

Nomenclature  5 

The  Gun  Carriage  : — Description 6 

Action  of  the  mechanism 12 

Weights  &  Dimensions 12 

Nomenclature  12 

The  Limber  : — Description 14 

Weights  &  Dimensions 16 

Nomenclature  16 

The  Caisson  : — Description 16 

Weights  &  Dimensions 19 

Nomenclature  19 

Dismounting  &  Assembling  Parts  of  the  Gun  and  Carriage 21 

Sights  &  Observing  Instruments  :— General  Instructions 27 

Care  &  Cleaning og 

Sights  :— Description  30 

Line  Sights P)0 

Front  &  Rear  Sights 30 

Rear  Sight,  Nomenclature 30 

Panoramic  Sight,  M  '15 ;);> 

Range  Quadrant 32 

Field  Adjustment,  Sights  and  Quadrant 35 

Observing  Instruments  :— B.  C.  Telescope,  Description  &  ifec,.  ;• ,\  :..>..  36 

Aiming  Circle,  Description  &  Use ".'./..'.... .* 40 

Adjustment  of  B.  C.  Telescope  and  Aiming  Cjrcle'A .;.,.,.:.  ;.V,.\  ::*,;.":'  .'.^"42 

Range  Finder,  Description  &  Use 45 

Adjustment  of  Range  Finder 50 

Field  Glasses,  Care  &  Use..  52 


THK  GUN 
(Fig.  1) 

6.  The  Gun  with  which  the  batteries  of  this  organization  are  equip- 
ped, is  known  officially  as  the  j-inch  Field  Gun,  Model  TQO$.  This  gun 
is  a  built-up  construction  of  nickel  steel  and  consists  of  a  tube  with  a 
rifled  bore,  3  inches  in  diameter,  upon  which  are  shrunk  the  jacket, 
locking  hoop  and  front  clip  hoop.  The  jacket  reinforces  the  rear  half  of 
the  tube.  The  locking  hoop  serves  to  secure  the  jacket  from  any  longi- 
tudinal movement  to  the  rear.  On  the  under  side  of  the  gun,  extending 
the  entire  length  of  the  jacket,  locking  hoop,  and  front  clip,  are  formed 
two  recoil  guides  or  clips  which  fit  over  and  secure  the  gun  to  the  guide 
rails  of  the  cradle.  When  the  gun  is  fired,  it  glides  along  the  guide  rails. 
The  dust  guard  covers  that  part  of  the  guide  rails  between  the  locking 
hoop  and  the  front  clip.  The  rifling  of  the  bore  is  right  hand  twist  and 
starts  with  0  turns  at  the  breech  increasing  to  1  turn  in  25  calibers  at  10 
inches  from  the  muzzle,  then  uniform  to  the  muzzle. 


•        WEIGHTS  AND  DIMENSIONS 

7.  Weight  of  gun 788  Ibs. 

Calibre 3  inches 

Length about  7  feet 

Number  of  lands  and  grooves 24 

Muzzle  velocity 1700  ft.  sec. 

Maximum  pressure  per  sq.  in 33,000  Ibs. 

Limit  of  depression (90  mils)  5  degrees 

Maximum  elevation (265  mils)  15  degrees 

Maximum  range,  trail  sunk,  about 8,500  yds. 

Range  at  15°  elevation  (265  mils)   " 6,000  yds. 


I.  Nomenclature  of  parts  of  Gun  : — 

Jacket.  Front  clip. 

Locking  hoop.  Muzzle. 

Tube.  Dust  guard. 

Bore.  Recoil  guides  or  clips. 

Rifling.  Chamber. 

Lands.  Recoil  lug. 

Grooves.  Line  sight  (front  and  rrar) 

Breech  recess.  Handy  oilers. 


.  W   * 

<^to*fcJ  »! 


THE  BREECH  MECHANISM 
(Fig.  2) 

9.  The  breech-block  is  of  the  interrupted-screw  type,  and  is  provided 
with  four  threaded  and  four  slotted  sectors.     The  front  end  of  the 
axial  recess  in  the  block  is  closed  by  a  bushing.     Four  ventholes  lead 
from  a  cavity  in  the  bushing  and  permit  the  escape  of  gas  to  the  rear 
in  case  of  a  ruptured  primer.    On  the  rear  face  of  the  breech-block  are 
cut  gear  teeth,  in  which  the  gear  teeth  of  the  operating  lever  bevel- 
gear  mesh.     The  breech-block  is  concentrically  mounted  on  a  hub  on 
the  block  carrier,  in  which  the  firing-lock  case  is  fitted.     Its  position  in 
the  breech  of  the  gun  with  reference  to  the  axis  of  the  bore  is  eccentric. 

10.  The  breech-block  is  closed  or  locked  by  a  continuous  movement 
of  the  operating  lever.    When  the  block  is  swung  to  the  closed  position 
the  front  face  of  the  block  latch  comes  in  contact  with  the  rear  face  of 
the  breech  of  the  gun,  thus  forcing  the  latch  out  of  the  notch  in  the 
breech-block  and  back  into  a  recess  in  the  carrier.     By  continuing  the 
motion  of  closing  the  mechanism,  the  breech-block  is  then  rotated  on 
the  hub  of  the  carrier  and  its  threads  engage  with  corresponding  ones 
in  the  gun.     When  the  breech-block  is  in  the  closed  position,  a  lug  on 
the  firing-lock  case  serves  to  lock  the  carrier  to  the  breech-block  and 
prevents  displacement  due  to  a  blowback. 

11.  The  firing  mechanism  belongs  to  that  type  known  as  a  continu- 
ous-pull mechanism;  that  is,  no  cocking  of  the  firing-pin  is  required. 
The  firing-lock  case  is  eccentrically  fitted  in  the  hub  of  the  block  carrier, 
in  such  a  position  that  the  axis  of  the  firing-pin  is  always  in  line  with  the 
bore  of  the  gun.    The  vent  bushing  in  the  front  end  of  the  breech-block, 
through  which  the  firing-pin  passes  when  in  the  fired  position,  is  fitted 
eccentrically  with  reference  to  the  breech-block.  This  eccentric  arrange- 
ment of  the  breech-block,  masks  the  point  of  the  firing-pin  and  prevents 
any  possible  contact  between  the  pin  and  the  primer  in  the  cartridge 
case  when  the  block  is  unlocked.     The  block  will  be  practically  fully 
locked  before  any  contact  between  the  firing-pin  and  primer  can  take 
place. 

12.  Nomenclature  of  important  parts  of  Breech  &  Firing  Mechanism. 

Mod.  1905  :— 

Name  of  Part  Where  located 

Breech  Block On  block  carrier 

Vent  Bushing Front  end  of  block 

Block  Carrier Hinged  to  jacket;  supports  block 

Block  Stop Screwed  into  front  face  of  carrier 

Hinge  Pin Hinges  carrier  to  j  acket 

Hinge  Pin  Catch In  hinge  pin 

Extractor . .  Tn  breech  recess 


Extractor  Lever Mounted  on  hinge  pin 

Operating  Lever Pivoted  on  block  carrier 

Lever  Pivot Pivots  lever  on  block  carrier 

Lever  Latch In  operating  lever 

Lever  Latch    Spring In  operating  lever,  lower  part 

Lever  Latch    Pivot. .  .• In  operating  lever,  lower  part 

Block  Latch In  recess  in  carrier 

Block  Latch  Spring Around  latch  bolt 

Firing  Lock  Case In  hub  of  the  block  carrier 

Locking  Bolt  Nut  &  Pin. . .  .On  firing  lock  case,  rear  face  of  carrier 

Firing  Pin In  axle  hole,  center  of  firing  lock  case 

Firing  Pin  Spring Around  firing  pin 

Firing  Spring  Sleeve Around  firing  pin  spring 

Sear In  slot  in  firing  lock  case 

Trigger  Fork Rear  end  firing  lock  case 

Trigger  Shaft On  rear  end  firing  lock  case 

Trigger  Shaft  Detent On  trigger  shaft 

Firing  Pallet. . , On  pallet  shank 

Pallet  Shank On  recoil  lug  of  gun 

Firing  Handle On  firing  handle  shaft 

Firing  Handle  Bracket Attached  to  right  side  of  cradle 

Firing  Handle  Shaft Assembled  in  bracket,  right  side  of  cradle 

Trip  Latch Attached  to  trip  latch  plunger 

Trip  Latch  Plunger Assembled  to  firing  handle 

Adjusting  Screw Assembled  to  firing  handle  bracket 

Check  Nut Assembled  in  adjusting  screw 


THE  GUN  CARRIAGE 
(Figs.  3  and  4) 

13.  The  gun  carriage  for  the  3-inch  gun  Model  1905  is  of  the  type 
known  as  the  long-recoil,  in  which  the  gun  is  permitted  a  sufficient 
length  of  recoil  (about  45  inches)  upon  the  carriage  to  render  the  latter 
stationary  under  firing  stresses.     The  gun  is  mounted  upon  a  cradle 
which  forms  a  housing  for  the  recoil-controlling  parts.    The  cradle  rests 
upon  the  rocker  and  has  a  small  traversing  motion  of  70  mils  on  each 
side  of  the  axis  of  the  carriage.    The  rocker  is  journaled  upon  the  axle 
and  its  rear  end  is  supported  by  the  elevating  mechanism,  which  is 
seated  in  the  trail. 

The  principal  parts  of  the  carriage  are  the  wheels,  axle,  trail,  and 
elevating  mechanism  forming  the  lower  carriage,  the  cradle  and  recoil- 
controlling  parts  constituting  the  upper  carriage,  and  the  rocker  and 
traversing  mechanism  intermediate  between  the  two.  In  addition  there 
are  provided  shields,  ammunition  carriers,  the  road  brake,  and  the  axle 
seats. 

14.  The  Wheels  and  the  Axle, — The  wheels  are  a  modified  form  of 
the  Archibald  pattern,  56  inches  in  diameter,  with  3-inch  tires.     The 
axle  is  hollow  and  forged  from  a  single  piece  of  steel.    The  wheels  are 
held  on  bv  the  wheel  fastenings.      (Fig.  24). 


CO 

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Fig.  4 


<3fnc7i  Gun 


J  O  _  5.          JO         IS         20         ff       30        JS        40      +5        SO 


15.  Trail* — The  trail  consists  of  two  steel  flasks  of  channel  section 
with  the  flanges  turned  inward,  tied  together  by  transoms  and  plates 
to  form  the  sight  and  the  tool  boxes.     Attached  to  the  trail  are  the 
trail  spade,  float,  trail  hand-spike,  trail  handles  and  the  lunette. 

16.  Elevating1   Gear* — The   elevating  gear    (Fig.    5)    is   of   double- 
screw  type  and  consists  of  an  inner  and  outer  elevating  screw,  an 
elevating-gear  bracket,  an  elevating  bevel  gear,  two  elevating  bevel  pin- 
ions, and  two  elevating  crank  shafts.     The  inner  elevating  screw  is  a 
steel  screw,  threaded  with  a  right-hand  thread.     It  is  attached  at  its 
upper  end  by  the  elevating  pin  to  the  rear  end  of  the  rocker.    The  outer 
elevating  screw  is  of  bronze  and  is  threaded  on  the  exterior  with  a 
right-hand  thread  to  take  the  inner  elevating  screw.    On  the  exterior  are 
niso  cut  two  longitudinal  keyways,  in  which  the  keys  of  the  bevel  gear 
work. 

17.  Traversing  Mechanism* — The   traversing  mechanism    (Fig.   6) 
consists  of  a  shaft,  called  the  traversing  shaft,  mounted  in  bearings  in 
{he  traversing-gear  case,  and  a  traversing  nut  moving  longitudinally  on 
the  shaft,  but  restrained  from  turning  with  it  by  its  bearings  in  the  gear 
case.    A  cylindrical  lug  on  top  of  the  nut  fits  in  a  hole  in  a  bronze  tra- 
versing link,  the  right  end  of  which  is  pivoted  by  the  traversing-link 
pivot  to  the  traversing  lug  on  the  underside  of  the  cradle.    This  pivot 
is  secured  to  the  cradle-traversing  lug  by  a  nut  and  split  pin.    The  left 
bearing  of  the  traversing  shaft  is  split  for  the  purpose  of  assembling 
and  rests  between  two  collars  on  the  shaft.    The  bearing,  with  the  shaft 
in  place,  is  slipped  into  its  seat  in  the  gear  case,  where  it  is  held  in 
position  by  two  pins. 

18.  The  Cradle,  Complete. — The  cradle  supports  the  gun,  guides  it  in 
recoil,  and  forms  a  housing  for  the  recoil-controlling  parts ;  it  consists 
of  a  flange  steel  body  with  the  upper  edges  flanged  outward.     The 
flanges  are  bronze  lined,  engage  the  clips  on  the  gun,  forming  the  guide 
rails  for  the  gun  on  recoil.    Riveted  to  the  bottom  of  the  cradle  are  four 
steel  forgings,  the  pintle,  traversing  lug,  rear  clip,  and  elevating  and 
traversing  lock  lug.    The  pintle  fits  the  pintle  socket  in  the  rocker  and 
forms  a  bearing  upon  which  the  cradle  is  traversed.     The  traversing 
lug  has  been  heretofore  mentioned  as  affording  a  point  of  attachment 
for  the  traversing-link  pivot.     The  cradle  rear  clip,  in  addition  to  em- 
bracing the  rear  end  of  the  rocker,  has  a  broad  bearing  on  the  latter 
directly  over  the  point  of  attachment  of  the  elevating  screw. 

To  relieve  the  pointing  mechanism  from  all  strains  in  travelling,  an 
elevating  and  traversing  lock  is  provided,  by  which  the  cradle  may  be 
locked  to  the  trail. 


19.  The  recoil  mechanism  (Fig.  7)  contained  inside  the  cradle  con- 
sists of  the  cylinder,  the  piston  rod,  the  counter-recoil  buffer,  the  coun- 
ter-recoil springs,  and  the  spring  support. 

To  the  rear  end  of  the  cradle  is  riveted  a  steel  cradle  head,  rear, 
through  which  the  cylinder  moves  in  recoil  and  projects  for  attachment 
tc  the  recoil  lug  on  the  gun  by  means  of  the  cylinder  end  stud  and  nut. 
The  front  end  of  the  cradle  is  closed  by  the  cradle  heaql,  front,  and  the 
retaining  ring. 

20.  The  cylinder  lies  inside  the  cradle  and  is  surrounded  by  the  coun- 
ter-recoil springs.     Its  rear  end  is  closed  and  has  a  projection  on  the 
inside  to  which  is  screwed  the  counter-recoil  buffer,  a  tapered  bronze 
rod  which  fits  with  small  clearance  into  a  bore  at  the  rear  end  of  the 
piston-rod.     The  front  end  of  the  cylinder  is  closed  by  a  bronze  oil- 
tight  gland,  through  which  the  piston-rod  slides.    The  cylinder  is  filled 
with  a  neutral  oil  called  hydroline.     The  interior  of  the  cylinder  is 
cylindrical.    Three  longitudinal  ribs  or  throttling  bars  of  uniform  width 
but  varying  height  extend  along  the  interior  from  the  rear  end  to  within 
19  inches  from  the  front  end.    Three  notches  are  cut  in  the  piston  head; 
forming  ports  for  the  passage  of  the  liquid  from  one  side  of  the  piston 
to  the  other.    The  height  of  the  throttling  bars  is  calculated  so  that  the 
resistance  which  the  liquid  offers,  plus  the  resistance  of  the  springs,  is 
constant  and  such  that  the  recoil  will  be  checked  at  the  desired  point. 
During  recoil  the  front  end  of  the  cylinder  is  supported  by  the  spring 
support. 

21.  The  piston  rod  is  of  steel,  and  is  provided  with  a  bronze  piston 
head,  screwed  against  a  shoulder  at  the  rear  end.    The  head  has  three 
notches  cut  in  its  perimeter,  which  fit  over  the  throttling-bar  projections 
on  the  cylinder  wall.     The  rear  end  of  the  piston  is  bored  out  to  take 
the  counter-recoil  buffer.     In  counter  recoil  the  oil  in  this  bore  can  es- 
cape only  by  a  small  clearance.     In  this  way  the  return  of  the  gun  into 
battery  is  so  eased  and  regulated  that  very  little  shock  and  consequent 
derangement  of  the  aim  of  the  piece  occur.    The  front  end  of  the  piston 
rod  is  attached  to  the  cradle  head,  front,  by  means  of  the  piston  rod  nut. 

22.  The  counter-recoil  springs  (three  in  number,  each  36  inches  long) 
are  helical,  being  made  from  a  rectangular  steel  bar  coiled  on  edge. 
They  are  assembled  in  the  cradle,  end  to  end  around  the  cylinder  and 
bear  in  front  against  the  spring  support  and  in  the  rear  against  the 
cradle  head,  rear.    They  are  assembled  under  an  initial  compression  of 
approximately  750  Ibs.  which  is  sufficient  to  return  the  gun  into  battery 
at  the  maximum  elevation.    In  place  of  the  single  counter-recoil  springs 
a  set  of  three  inner  and  three  outer  counter-recoil  springs  is  also  being 
issued. 

10 


in 

• 
bO 


23.  The  spring  support  forms  a  support  for  the  front  end  of  the  cyl- 
inder and  a  bearing  for  the  front  end  of  the  spring  column.     It  has 
guide  lugs  which  fit  into  and  glide  along  guide  rails  inside  the  cradle 
during  recoil.    The  spring  support  is  held  in  place  by  the  retaining  rin^. 

ACTION  OF  THE  MECHANISM 
(Fig.  7) 

24.  The  action  of  the  recoil  mechanism  when  the  gun  is  fired  is  as 
follows : — The  gun  moves  to  the  rear  45  inches  on  the  cradle,  carrying 
with  it  the  cylinder  and  compressing  the  recoil  springs.    The  piston  rod 
being  attached  to  a  fixed  part  of  the  carriage  in  front  (the  cradle-head), 
does  not  move.     Therefore,  since  the  cylinder  moves  to  the  rear,  trie 
oil  in  it  must  pass  from  one  side  of  the  piston-head  to  the  other.    The 
energy  of  recoil  of  the  gun  is  therefore  absorbed  by  the  resistance  which 
the  oil  offers  when  being  forced  through  small  openings  between  the 
notches  in  the  piston-head  and  the  throttling  bars  along  the  inside  of 
the  cylinder  and  also  by  the  resistance  of  the  counter-recoil  springs  to 
additional  compression.     The  energy  stored  up  by  the  springs  during 
this  compression,  returns  the  gun  and  cylinder  to  the  firing  or  original 
position.     This  return  movement  is  eased  and  regulated  by  the  counter- 
recoil  buffer.    The  piston-rod  pull  and  the  spring  resistance  are  trans- 
mitted to  the  carriage,  but  owing  to  the  latter's  weight  and  the  resis- 
tance opposed  to  the  trail  spade  by  its  engagement  in  the  ground  the 
carriage  remains  stationary. 

WEIGHTS  AND  DIMENSIONS 

25.  Weight  of  gun  and  carriage  complete 2,520  Ibs. 

Width  of  track 60  inches 

Length  of  recoil  on  carriage 45  inches 

Amount  of  traverse  of  gun  on  carriage 140  mils 

26.  Nomenclature  of  important  parts  of  the  Gun  Carriage  :— 

Axle  Wheel  guards 

Trail,  consisting  of—  Trail  handles 

Flasks  (right  and  left)  Trail  seats 

Tool  box  Trail-seat  supports 

Elevating  gear  transom  Sponge-staff  socket 

Rear  sight  box  Name  plate 

Spade  Handspike 

Spade  edge  Lunette 

Float  Cradle,  consisting  of — 

Handspike  fulcrum  Cradle  body 

12 


to 


(^  . 


Cradle  head,  rear 

Gun  slides  or  Guide  Rails 

Cradle  Pintle 

Traversing  lug 

Rear  clip 

Lug   for  elevating  and   traversing 
lock 

Bracket  seat,  firing  handle 

Quadrant  fastening 

Rear-sight  bracket  support 

Front-sight  bracket  support 

Spring-support  guides 

Retaining    ring,     with     hasp     and 
fastening 

Cradle  head,  front 

Shoulder  guard 

Cradle  brush 

Recoil-indicator  throw 

Recoil  indicator 

Cylinder  head 

Cylinder  with  cylinder  end 
screwed  in 

Cylinder  end  stud  and  nut 

Counter-recoil  buffer 

Rings,  packing 

Gland 

Piston  rod,  with  plug,  screwed  in 

Piston 

Piston-rod  nut 

Filling  plug  with  gasket 

Drain  plug 

Spring  support 

Counter-recoil  springs 
Rocker 

Cradle  Pintle  socket 
Elevating  and  traversing  lock 
Traversing  mechanism,   consisting 
of— 

Traversing-gear  case 

Traversing  plate 

Handwheel  with  handle  and 
spindle 

Traversing  shaft 

Traversing-shaft    bearing    in    two 
parts  ^ 

Traversing  link  with  bushing 

Traversing-link  pivot  with  nut 

Azimuth  pointer  and  scale 
Elevating      mechanism,      consisting 
of— 

Elevating  pin 

Inner  elevating  screw 

Outer  elevating  screw 


Elevating  bevel  gear 

Elevating  bevel  pinions 

Elevating  crank  shafts,  with 
handles 

Elevating  screw  cover 
Axle  seats,  include — 

Seat  arms 

Seat-arm  guards 

Foot  rests 

Tie  rods 

Shield  braces 
Apron  shield 
Apron  latches 
Main  shield,  consisting  of — 

Main  shield 

Hood 

Shutter,  open-sight  port 

Shutter,  panoramic-sight  port 
Top  shield,  consisting  of — 

Top  shield 

Top  shield  fastenings 
Road  brake,  includes — 

Brake  beams 

Brake  shoes 

Springs  with  covers 

Brake  rods 

Brake  lever 

Brake  shaft 

Brake  segment  with  two  segment 

racks 

Ammunition-  carriers 
Range  quadrant  case 
Panoramic  sight  case 
Front  sight 
Reaf  sight,  consisting  of — 

Rear-sight  bracket  with  shank 
socket 

Rear-sight  shank 
Panoramic  sight 
Range  quadrant 
Wheels,  consisting  of — 

Felloe,  segments 

Spokes 

Tires 

Hub  boxes 

Hub  liners 

Hub-latch  plungers 

Oil  valve 

Carriage  bolts  and  nuts 

Hub  bands 

Hub  caps 
Wheel  fastenings 

Plugs 


THE  3-INCH  GUN  (CAISSON)   LIMBER 
(Fig.  8) 

27.  The  limber  is  of  metal  throughout  excepting  the  spokes  and  fel- 
loes of  the  wheels.  The  principal  parts  are  the  wheels,  axle,  pintle, 
frame,  ammunition  chest,  pole,  doubletree,  singletrees,  and  neck  yoke. 


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o 

to 


28.  The   wheels  and  wheel   fastenings  are  the  same  as,  and  inter- 
changeable with  those  used  on  the  carriage.    Seats  for  three  cannoneers 
are  provided  by  a  perforated  metal  bucket-holder  on  top  of  the  chest. 
The  paulin  issued  to  each  limber  serves  as  a  seat  cushion  and  is  held  in 
place  by  paulin  straps.     Grip  straps  are  also  provided  for  use  by  the 
cannoneers  when  the  carriage  is  moving  at  rapid  gaits.     On  the  sides 
c-.nd  front  of,  and  under  the  ammunition  chest,  suitable  straps,  brackets 
c-nd  connections  are  provided  for  securing  all  tools  and  accessories. 
\Yith  each  limber  are  issued  three  tubular  oil  cans,  each  in  the  form  of  a 
cartridge  and  with  a  capacity  of  two-thirds  of  a  gallon.     These  are 
intended  to  hold  hydroline,  lubricating  and  coal  oil  and  are  carried  in 
the  central  row  of  cartridge  holes  in  the  ammunition  chest. 

WEIGHTS  AND  DIMENSIONS 

29.  Weight  of  limber,  completely  equipped  and  loaded.  .  .    1740  Ibs. 
Weight    of    gun,    carriage    and    limber,    completely 

equipped  and  loaded 4260  Ibs. 

Number  of  rounds  carried 36 

30.  Nomenclature  of  important  parts  of  limber : — 


Pole,  complete,  consisting  of — 

Pole  body 

Neck-yoke  counter  stop 

Neck-yoke  stop 

Neck-yoke  chafing  plate 

Butt  reinforce 
Doubletree 
Doubletree  rods 
Name  plate 
Limber  prop 
Foot  rest 
Tie-rods 
Pintle  with  bearing,  consisting  of- 

Pintle 

Pintle  latch 

Pintle  latch  spring 
Wheels  and  wheel  fastenings 
Axle 

Middle  rail 
Side  rails 


Ammunition  chest,  consisting  of — 
Hand  rail 
Door  chains 
Shot  bolts 
Bucket  holder 
Chest  rails 

Chest-rail  connections 
Body 
Door 

Cartridge  holes 
Diaphragms 
Lantern  brackets 
Grip-straps 
Paulin  straps 
Various  tool  brackets 
Various  tools 
Paulins 
Picket  ropes 
Lanterns 
Canvas  buckets 


THE   CAISSON 
(Figs.  9  and  10) 

31.  The  Caisson  is  made  of  metal  throughout  with  the  exception  of 
the  spokes  and  felloes  of  the  wheels.     The  principal  parts  are  the 
wheels,  axle,  pintle,  lunette,  apron  shield,  fuze  setter  bracket,  frame, 
road  brake,  and  ammunition  chest. 

32.  The  wheels  and  wheel  fastenings  are  interchangeable  with  those 
of  the  <nm  carriage  and  the  limber.    The  caisson  road  brake  is  modeled 


16 


after  that  of  the  gun  carriage,  all  parts  as  far  as  possible  being  inter- 
changeable. The  frame  upon  which  the  ammunition  chest  rests,  is  dia- 
mond shaped,  and  consists  principally  of  two  steel  side  rails  riveted  to 
lugs  on  the  axle,  meeting  in  front  to  form  the  lunette  for  attachment 
to  the  limber,  and  in  rear  to  form  a  pintle  for  attachment  of  another 
caisson  in  case  it  is  desired  to  tow  several  caissons  by  one  team  and 
limber,  as  for  instance  in  the  ammunition  train.  In  other  respects  the 
construction  is  similar  to  that  of  the  limber  excepting  that  the  ammu- 
nition chest  is  much  larger  and  has  a  capacity  of  70  rounds.  The  front 
of  the  chest  and  the  chest  door  are  made  of  armor  plate.  A  bracket  for 
the  fuze  setter  is  also  provided.  An  apron  shield,  similar  to  the  one  on 
the  gun  carriage  is  hinged  under  the  axle,  giving  the  cannoneers  at  the 
caisson  full  protection.  A  spare-pole  body  can  be  carried  under  the 
caisson  frame,  large  end  of  pole  to  the  front.  On  the  sides  and  front 
of,  and  under  the  ammunition  chest,  suitable  straps,  brackets  and  con- 
nections are  provided  for  securing  all  tools  and  accessories.  To  lock 
the  caissons  and  limbers,  a  padlock  is  provided.  These  locks  are  inter- 
changeable and  can  be  unlocked  by  the  same  key.  This  key  is  marked 
"Ammunition" 

WEIGHTS  AND  DIMENSIONS 

33.  Weight  of  caisson  only,  completely  equipped  and  loaded,  2820  Ibs. 
Weight  of  caisson  and  limber,  both  completely  equipped 

and  loaded  with  106  rounds   4560  Ibs. 

Number  of  rounds  of  ammunition  carried  in  caisson  only  ....  70 


34.  Nomenclature  of  important  parts  of  Caisson  : — 


Wheels 

Wheel  fastenings,  complete 

Axle 

Middle-rails 

Side  rails 

Pintle  with  bearing,  consisting  of — 

Pintle 

Pintle  latch 

Pintle-latch  spring 
Name  plate 
Channel  supports 
Frame  handles 
Lunette,  with  nut 
Caisson  prop,  with  chains 
Road  brake,  consisting  of — 

Brake-beams 

Brake  shoes 

Brake  rods 

Brake-rod  springs  and  covers 

Brake  shaft,  with  two  keys 

Brake  segment 

Segment  rack 

Brake  lever 


Spare-pole   fastening 
Ammunition  chest,  consisting  of — • 

Diaphragms 

Grip-straps 

Paulin-straps 

Chest  rails 

Foot  rest 

Handrails 

Door  props 

Door  handles 

Hand  rails 

Supports    and    Brackets    for   attach- 
ing various  tools  and  accessories 
Apron 

Apron  latches 
Fuze-setter  bracket 
Fuze-setter  latch 
Fuze  setter 
Paulin 
Picket  ropes 

Various  tools  and  accessories 
Spare  pole 


19 


Fig.  10 


Frame  -Handle 


Caisson.  JPro/o- 


\cktWaltocAr  Fastc/is/vy 


-Front  J3ra,ke  Jfrace 
Fool 


0000000000000000000000000,000  0,0  o  o  o 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO'OOOOlOOOO 


OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO|OOOO 

oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo  oio  o  o  o 


ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 


oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo  o  o  o  o  o 


oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo  oio  o  o  o 
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo  o'o  o  o  o 


Ammunition 


W 

ttize Better 
Fuze  Jet  ter  Bracket^ 
-jPLfttle 


St  tie  stalls '  : 


To  DISMOUNT  AND  TO  ASSEMBLE  PARTS  OF  THE  GUN  AND  CARRIAGE 

35.  To    dismantle    and    assemble   the    breech   mechanism* — Grasp 
the  operating  lever  and  open  the  breech ;  when  the  block  is  open,  force 
the  block  latch  out  of  its  seat  in  the  block  by  gently  pressing  it  into  its 
seat  in  the  carrier.     Take  hold  of  the  block  and  revolve  it  to  the  left 
until  it  stops ;  then  pull  it  -to  the  rear,  taking  care  not  to  drop  it.    The 
block  latch  can  now  be  readily  removed.    After  the  firing-lock  case  has 
been  removed  (see  Par.  36)  the  operating  lever  can  be  removed  by 
forcing  its  pivot  up  from  beneath  by  a  gentle  pressure  from  the  palm  of 
the  hand.  The  lever  latch  can  be  removed  by  pressing  in  on  the  latch  at 
a  point  near  its  lower  end  opposite  its  pivot ;  a  hole  in  the  latch  is  cut 
eccentric  with  reference  to  the  pivot  and  a  shoulder  on  the  pivot  pre- 
vents their  displacement  until  the  latch  is  forced  in  and  the  hole  is  con- 
centric with  the  pivot.     When  this  occurs,  the  pivot  can  be  readily 
pulled  out  and  the  latch  removed.    To  remove  the  block  carrier,  force 
the  hinge  pin  up  by  hand  until  it  can  be  caught  by  the  head,  and  by 
swinging  the  carrier  back  and  forth,  if  the  pin  sticks,  it  can  readily  be 
removed,  taking  care  not  to  drop  the  extractor  lever.     The  extractor 
can  now  be  removed  from  the  gun. 

Reverse"  these  operations  for  assembling  the  mechanism.  No 
tools  other  than  the  hands  are  required  for  dismantling  this  breech 
mechanism. 

36.  To  dismantle  and  to  assemble  the  firing:  lock-case  and  mech- 
anism*— Take  hold  of  the  milled  headed  locking  bolt  situated  at  the 
lower  end  of  the  firing-lock  case,  pull  it  to  the  rear;  at  the  same  time 
revolve  the  firing-lock  case  upward  about  45°  and  pull  it  gently  to  the 
rear.     This  will  remove  the  case  with  the  firing  mechanism  complete 
from  the  gun.     Press  the  trigger-shaft  detent  until  it  disengages  from 
the  notch  in  the  firing-lock  case.    This  will  allow  the  trigger  shaft,  with 
its  detent,  to  be  withdrawn.    Then  gently  press  on  the  front  end  of  the 
firing  pin,  forcing  it  back  into  the  casing.     This  will  allow  the  trigger 
fork  to  fall  out.    Then,  with  one  finger  placed  on  the  front  end  of  the 
sear,  force  it  outward;  at  the  same  time  grasp  the  front  end  of  the 
firing  pin,  which  is  roughened  for  the  purpose.     Give  it  a  sharp  pull. 
This  will  remove  the  firing-pin  spring  and  sleeve  from  the  casing.    Then 
place  the  front  end  of  the  firing  pin  against  a  block  of  wood,  bear 
down  on  the  firing-spring  sleeve  until  the  spring  is  compressed  suffi- 
ciently to  disengage  the  slot  in  the  rear  end  of  the  sleeve  from  the  small 
lug  on  the  rear  end  of  the  firing  pin ;  slightly  turn  the  sleeve,  and  then 
the  sleeve  can  be  separated  from  the  spring  and  pin.    By  an  unscrewing 
motion  the  spring  can  be  removed  from  the  pin.    The  sear  can  be  re- 
moved by  gently  pressing  it  in  toward  the  center  of  the  casing. 

21 


To  assemble,  reverse  these  operations,  taking  care  before  driving 
too  hard  on  the  end  of  the  trigger  shaft  that  the  square  hole  in  the  trig- 
ger fork  is  in  position  to  receive  the  tapered  end  of  the  trigger  shaft. 
No  tools  are  required  for  assembling  or  dismantling  this  mechanism. 

37.  To  remove  the  recoil  indicator, — The  ends  of  the  clips  of  the 
recoil-indicator  guide  are  bent  down  to  form-stops  to  hold  the  indicator 
in  place.     To  remove  the  indicator,  these  parts  are  opened  up  suffi- 
ciently to  permit  sliding  the  indicator  out  of  the  guide.    When  the  indi- 
cator is  assembled,  these  clips  should  always  be  closed  down  to  prevent 
its  loss. 

38.  To  dismount  the  gun, — Elevate  the  muzzle  slightly.  Remove  the 
recoil  indicator  throw,  unscrew  the  cylinder-end  stud  nut,  and  shove  the 
gun  to  the  rear  until  the  clips  are  free  from  the  guides.     As  the  gun 
slides  off  the  cradle,  it  must  be  properly  supported.     For  this  purpose, 
from  6  to  8  men  working  in  pairs  with  lifting  bars  are  required. 

39.  To  mount  the  gun, — Depress  the  muzzle  slightly.     Shove  the 
piece  from  the  rear  over  the  cradle  guides  with  the  clips  engaging  the 
guides.    Assemble  the  cylinder-end  stud  nut,  taking  care  that  the  lock- 
ing stud  on  the  recoil  lug  enters  one  of  the  recesses  provided  for  it  in  the 
end  of  the  cylinder.     Assemble  the  recoil  indicator  throw.     The  dust 
guard  should  be  assembled  with  the  gun. 

In  moving  the  gun  on  or  off  of  the  cradle  particular  care  must  be 
taken  to  support  the  breech  end  so  that  the  gun  clips  remain  in  line  with 
the  gun  slides.  The  firing  shaft  is  also  quite  liable  to  injury  during  this 
operation,  and  care  should  be  taken  to  prevent  its  being  struck  by  the 
muzzle  of  the  gun  or  by  implements  in  the  hands  of  the  cannoneers. 
The  cradle  should  be  placed  at  the  desired  elevation  and  azimuth  before 
beginning  either  of  these  operations  and  not  changed  during  its  prog- 
ress, since  the  working  of  either  the  elevating  or  traversing  mechanisms 
when  the  gun  is  only  part  way  in  battery  brings  an  excessive  and  un- 
necessary strain  and  wear  upon  those  parts. 

40.  To  dismount   the  cylinder. —  Bring  the   gun   to   approximately 
zero  degrees  elevation ;  unscrew   the   cylinder-end  stud  nut  and   the 
piston-rod  nut ;  remove  the  cradle  head,  front.     The  cylinder  is  now 
free  and  may  be  pulled  out  to  the  front. 

41.  To   assemble   the  cylinder  in  the  cradle. — The  counter-recoil 
>prings  and  the  retaining  ring  being  in  assembled  position,  shove  the 
cylinder  (turned  so  that  the  drain  plug  in  cylinder  head  comes  on  top) 
into  its  seat  from  the  front,  with  the  projecting  stud  on  the  recoil  lug 
of  the  gun  entering  one  of  the  recesses  provided  for  it  in  the  cylinder 

97 


end ;  assemble  the  cradle  head ;  screw  in  place  the  piston-rod  nut  and 
cylinder-end  stud  nut. 

Be  sure  that  the  projecting  stud  on  the  gun  enters  one  of  the  holes 
for  it  in  the  cylinder  end  before  screwing  the  cylinder-end  stud  nut  up 
all  the  way. 

42.  To  assemble  the  parts  of  cylinder  after  cleaning* — The  parts 
should  be  reassembled  immediately  after  cleaning  and  inspection  (see 
Par.  122),  and  the  cylinder  filled  with  hydroline  oil   (see  Par.  123) 
issued  for  that  purpose.    (For  cleaning  cylinder  oil,  see  Par.  125.)    The 
piston  should  be  moved  back  and  forth  in  the  cylinder  by  hand  to  make 
sure  that  all  parts  are  correctly  assembled  and  are  without  interference. 
The  cylinder  should  then  be  assembled  in  the  cradle  (see  Par.  41)  and 
the  gun  pulled  from  battery  by  hand  and  permitted  to  counter-recoil 
rapidly  to  insure  that  all  parts  are  in  proper  position  for  firing.     This 
should  never  be  done,  however,  unless  the  cylinder  is  known  to  be  filled 
with  oil.    In  reassembling  the  parts  the  condition  of  the  vulcanized-fibre 
washers  between  cylinder  head  and  cylinder,  and  between  cylinder-end 
stud  and  cylinder  end  should  be  noted ;  they  should  be  replaced  when- 
ever necessary  to  prevent  leakage.     In  removing  and  inserting  the 
piston  rod  care  should  be  taken  to  keep  it  central  in  the  cylinder,  so  as 
not  to  bind,  burr,  or  spring  any  parts.     The  dismounting  and  reassem- 
bling of  the  parts  of  the  cylinder  should  in  every  case  be  supervised  by  a 
commissioned  officer.     Before  firing  an  inspection  should  be  made  to 
ascertain  that  the  different  parts,  especially  the  piston  rod  and  the  cylin- 
der-end stud  nuts,  are  correctly  assembled. 

NOTE  : — For  instruction  in  cleaning  and  care  of  materiel,  see.  Par. 
122  to  131. 

43.  To  pack  the  stuffing  box. — The  stuffing  box  is  packed  with  five 
rings   of   Garlock's  hydraulic   waterproof   packing,  0.25   inch   square. 
The  packing  is  issued  cut  into  rings  of  such  size  that  the  ends  meet 
around  the  piston  rod.     The  latter  being  assembled,  each  ring,  placed 
so  as  to  break  joints  with  the  preceding  one,  is  forced  in  succession  into 
its  seat  by  a  packing  tool  of  copper  or  hard  wood,  one  end  of  which  is 
shaped  like  a  carpenter's  gouge  and  the  other  end  forms  a  handle  strong 
enough  to  stand  light  taps  from  a  hammer.    Such  a  tool  may  be  readily 
improvised  by  one  of  the  battery  mechanics.     After  the  five  rings  are 
firmly  seated  in  the  box,  screw  the  gland  down  on  the  packing. 

In  assembling  the  gland  be  sure  that  at  least  four  of  its  threads 
are  engaged  with  the  threads  of  the  cylinder  head  ;  otherwise  the  threads 
of  the  gland  may  be  stripped  in  firing.  With  new  packing  it  may  be 
found  difficult  to  insert  more  than  four  rings  and  secure  sufficient  en- 
gagement of  the  gland.  In  such  a  case  the  box  should  be  packed  with 

23 


four  rings  and  the  piece  fired  a  few  rounds,  after  which  the  fifth  ring 
should  be  inserted. 

44.  Adjustment  of  the  gland* — The  adjustment  of  the  gland  will  re- 
quire the  exercise  of  some  judgment.    If  screwed  up  too  tight,  the  fric- 
tional  resistance  of  the  packing  on  the  piston  rod  will  be  increased  so 
much  that  the  counter-recoil  springs  may  fail  to  return  the  gun  to  bat- 
tery, especially  at  high  angles  of  elevation.    It  should  be  screwed  up 
just  tight  enough  to  prevent  the  leakage  of  oil  through  the  stuffing  box. 
Ordinarily  this  can  be  done  by  hand,  but  in  cases  where  hand  power  is 
not  sufficient  the  wrench  provided  for  the  purpose  should  be  used. 
When  its  proper  adjustment  is  determined,  the  gland  should  be  lashed 
with  copper  wire  to  prevent  it  from  screwing  up  or  unscrewing. 

45.  To  remove  the  piston  rod. — Unscrew  the  gland  sufficiently  to 
release  the  pressure  of  the  packing  upon  the  rod ;  unscrew  and  remove 
the  cylinder  head.    The  rod  may  then  be  withdrawn  from  the  cylinder. 
In  dismounting  and  assembling  the  cylinder  head  (and  also  the  cylinder- 
end  stud),  the  cylinder  should  be  held  from  turning  by  a  spanner  ap- 
plied to  the  head  retainer  or  flange  on  the  front  end  of  the  cylinder. 
//  should  never  be  clamped  in  a  vise,  as  its  walls  are  thin  and  not  in- 
tended to  withstand  such  usage. 

46.  To  remove  the  counter-recoil  buffer* — Remove  the  cylinder-end 
stud  screw;  unscrew  and  remove  the  cylinder-end  stud;  the  counter- 
recoil  buffer  is  attached  to  the  latter. 

47.  To  dismount  the  springs* — Bring  the  gun  to  approximately  zero 
degrees  elevation;  unscrew  the  cylinder-end  stud  nut  and  the  piston- 
rod  nut ;  shove  the  gun  about  1  inch  from  the  battery ;  attach  the  sleeve 
end  of  the  spring  compressor  to  the  cylinder-end  stud  and  put  sufficient 
strain  on  the  compressor  to  relieve  the  retaining  ring  from  spring  pres- 
sure; then  remove  retaining  ring  (and  cradle  head)  by  loosening  and 
swinging  aside  the  retaining-ring  bolts ;  ease  off  slowly  on  the  spring 
compressor  until  the  springs  are  free. 

48.  To    assemble    the    double    counter-recoil    springs. — With    the 
cradle  at  maximum  elevation  and  the  trail  horizontal,  place  one  outer 
and  one  inner  spring  in  the  cradle  until  the  front  ends  are  about  2 
inches  in ;  set  up  a  separator  against  the  forward  end  of  these  sections 
and  enter  the  second  outer  and  inner  springs,  keeping  the  separator  up- 
held between  the  sections ;  similarly  when  the  outer  end  of  the  second 
section  is  2  inches  inside  the  cradle  set  up  the  second  separator ;  place 
the  third  outer  and  inner  sections  on  the  recoil  cylinder.     Screw  the 
spring  centering  tool  onto  the  cylinder-end  stud,  the  small  end  pointing 
rearward;  pass  the  sleeve  end  of  the  spring  compressor  through  the 
gun  lug  and  the  inner  springs  and  attach  it  to  the  cylinder-end  stud. 

24 


Enter  the  rear  end  of  the  cylinder  in  the  spring  at  the  front  end  of 
the  cradle  and  push  ^the  cylinder  back  until  the  springs  are  at  free 
height,  keeping  the  spring  compressor  taut.  Attach  the  block  and  fall 
carried  in  the  battery  wagon  to  the  spade  of  the  carriage  or  to  some 
improvised  support  and  connect  it  to  the  spring  compressor;  put  suf- 
ficient strain  on  the  spring  compressor  to  bring  the  spring  column  to 
its  assembled  height. 

As  the  spring  column  approaches  its  assembled  height  the  spring 
support  must  be  turned  so  that  its  guide  lugs  properly  enter  in  the 
spring-support  guide  grooves  in  the  cradle ;  assemble  the  retaining  ring, 
disconnect  the  spring  compressor  and  the  spring  centering  tool  from 
the  cylinder-end  stud  nut.  When  the  retaining  ring  is  assembled  the 
nuts  for  the  retaining  ring  bolts  should  be  screwed  up  until  they  just 
come  into  contact  with  the  retaining  ring.  If  these  nuts  are  screwed 
up  too  tight  they  will  deform  the  retaining  ring,  with  the  result  that  it 
becomes  difficult  to  assemble  and  dismount  the  cradle  head.  A  wrench 
is  provided  for  turning  the  spring  support  to  its  proper  position. 

49.  To  assemble  the  single  counter  recoil  spring. — The  same 
method  (see  Par.  48)  is  followed  except  that  no  separators  are  used. 
The  spring  compressor  is  provided  with  a  second  eye  at  its  large  end 
which  may  be  used  in  case  the  sleeve  end  should  become  broken;  in 
case  this  end  is  used,  however,  it  will  be  necessary  to  pass  the  com- 
pressor through  the  cradle  from  front  to  rear,  through  the  gun  lug. 
For  disconnecting  the  compressor  the  method  used  is  identical  to  that 
previously  described  (see  Par.  48  above). 

The  cylinder-end  stud  nut  should  never  be  removed  when  the  gun 
is  at  an  elevation,  and  the  gun  should  not  be  elevated  when  the  cylinder- 
end  stud  nut  is  not  in  place.  To  prevent  the  cylinder-end  stud  from 
rotating  a  screw  for  the  cylinder  end  is  provided.  This  screw  for  the 
cylinder  end  must  be  removed  before  attempting  to  unscrew  the  cylin- 
der-end stud. 

Since  the  springs  are  assembled  under  an  initial  load  of  over  750 
pounds,  a  pull  of  more  than  750  pounds  must  be  exerted  upon  the  spring 
compressor  in  assembling  them.  This  can  be  done  by  passing  a  hand- 
spike through  the  loop  at  the  rear  end  of  the  compressor  and  making 
use  of  the  services  of  the  entire  gun  squad,  or  the  block  and  tackle  may 
be  used  as  described  above.  To  avoid  the  possibility  of  injury  to  the 
gun  squad  in  compressing  or  releasing  the  springs,  all  should  be  required 
to  keep  arms  and  bodies  away  from  the  front  of  the  spring  column 
during  these  operations. 

,  50.  To  remove  and  to  replace  a  pole* — Remove  the  pole  pin ;  loosen 

25 


the  clamping  bolt  on  the  right  side  of  the  pole  clamp.  While  shaking 
the  pole,  withdraw  it  from  its  seat.  The  pole  ferrule  is  detachable 
from  the  pole  and  may  be  removed  after  having  first  taken  out  the 
two  steel  locking  pins.  The  spare  pole  is  carried  under  the  caisson 
frame,  being  held  in  place  by  the  spare  pole  fastening  and  bracket. 
To  remove  the  spare  pole,  unscrew  the  nut  on  the  spare  pole  fasten- 
ing and  withdraw  the  spare  pole  from  the  bracket.  To  replace  the 
pole  or  the  spare  pole,  the  operations  indicated  above  are  reversed. 
The  ends  of  the  spare  pole  should  be  shaped  and  sand-papered  and  then 
oiled  so  that  they  will  fit  easily  (not  loosely)  into  the  pole  clamp  seat 
and  the  socket  of  the  pole  ferrule. 

51.  To   dismount    and   to   assemble   the   traversing   mechanism. — • 
Traverse  the  cradle  (muzzle  end)  to  its  extreme  left  position;  remove 
the  nut  which  secures  the  traversing-link  pivot  to  the  cradle  lug ;  remove 
the  traversing-link  pivot  from  below ;  turn  the  link  so  as  to  clear  the 
heads  of  the  traversing  shaft-bearing  pins  and  remove  these  pins ;  un- 
screw the  worm  shaft  from  the  nut  and  at  the  same  time  withdraw  the 
shaft  with  its  left  bearing  from  the  gear  case.     Now  move  the  cradle 
in  azimuth  to  its  extreme  right  position  ;  slip  the  link  off  the  nut  and  re- 
move the  nut  from  the  gear  case.    To  dismount  the  left  bearing,  all  that 
is  necessary  is  to  remove  the  adjusting  nut  and  slip  the  bearing  off  the 
shaft.     To  assemble  the  traversing  mechanism,  the  above  operations 
are  reversed. 

52.  To  dismount  the  elevating  screws* — Remove  the  elevating  pin :' 
unscrew  the  inner  screw  by  hand ;  remove  the  elevating-screw  cover ; 
remove  the  outer  screw  by  screwing  it  down  through  the  elevating-gear 
bracket. 

53.  To  dismount  the  pinions  and  bevel  gear* — Remove  the  taper 
split  pin  in  the  pinion  hub,  after  which  the  crank  shaft  may  be  with- 
drawn and  the  pinion  removed  from  its  seat.    The  bevel  gear  may  then 
be  removed  by  dismounting  the  screws  as  above.     (See  Par.  52.) 

54.  To  dismount  the  elevating-gear  bracket* — Free  the  mechanism 
from  the  rocker  by  removing  the  elevating  pin ;  dismount  the  pinions 
and  crank  shafts  as  above  (see  Par.  53)  ;  remove  the  eight  elevating- 
gear  transom  bolts ;  the  bracket  and  transoms  are  then  free  and  may  be 
removed  from  the  trail. 

55.  To   assemble  the   elevating  mechanism* — The   operations   just 
described  are  reversed  (see  Par.  52  to  54).    The  following  should  be 
noted  :     The  pinions  are  a  close  fit  on  the  crank  shaft,  and  especial  care 
should  be  taken  not  to  burr  the  parts  in  assembling.     When  properly 
located,    the  two  crank-shaft  handles  balance  each  other.     This  condi- 
tion obtains  when  they  are  simultaneously  horizontal  and  both  pointinc/ 

26 


«V;  the  front  or  both  pointing  to  the  rear.  As  the  outer  screw  is  assem- 
bled in  the  gear  bracket  from  below,  the  bevel  gear  should  be  put  in 
place  with  its  key  engaging  the  key  ways  of  the  screw.  Before  attach- 
ing the  inner  screw  to  the  rocker  both  screws  should  be  run  down  to  be 
sure  that  the  upper  ends  of  the  threaded  parts  of  the  screws  are  flush 
with  the  face  of  the  gear  bracket.  If  this  condition  is  not  fulfilled,  the 
mechanism  will  not  give  the  maximum  elevation  and  depression  for 
v/hich  designed  and  will  not  house  properly  in  traveling. 

56.  To  adjust  the  road  brake. — The  brake  rods  are  disconnected 
from  the  brake  beams.     The  brake  shoes  are  placed  with  the  desired 
clearance  from  the  tire  and  the  brake  lever  with  handles  in  extreme  for- 
ward (released)  position.    The  length  of  the  brake  rods  should  then  be 
adjusted  to  correspond.     Should  test  show  that  one  shoe  bears  harder 
on  one  wheel  than  the  other,  the  brake  rod  of  the  latter  should  be 
lengthened. 

57.  To  remove  a  hub  cap* — First  lift  the  hub  latch  which  removes 
the  hub  latch  plunger  from  the  hub  band  and  then  unscrew  the  hub  cap 
by  turning  it  to  the  left. 

58.  To  remove  a  wheel* — First  raise  the  wheel  by  a  jack;  remove 
the  hub  cap,  then  the  wheel  fastening,  and  then  the  wheel.    The  wheel 
fastening  (Fig.  24)  is  removed  by  lifting  the  wheel- fastening  plunger 
until  it  is  clear  of  the  axle  and  then  lifting  the  fastening  off  the  axle. 

59.  To  remove  a  hub  liner* — Remove  the  wheel  from  the  axle  and 
drive  the  liner  out  by  striking  with  a  heavy  hammer  or  sledge  upon  the 
hub-liner  driving  tool  (a  bronze  tool  carried  in  the  forge  limber)  placed 
against  the  small  end  of  the  liner. 

60.  To  dismount  the  cradle* — Remove  the  traversing  gear  (it  will 
suffice  to  remove  the  traversing-link  pivot  and  to  remove  the  hand- 
wheel  from  the  traversing  shaft)  ;  remove  the  three  shield  bolts  and 
shield-brace  bolt ;  slip  end  of  shield  brace  from  tie-rod  fastening ;  raise 
the  right  axle  seat ;  swing  the  rear  end  of  the  cradle  38°  to  the  left,  and 
then  lift  it  clear  of  the  carriage. 

61.  For  instructions  to   remove  the  shields;  to  remove  the  apron 
latch ;  to  remove  the  road  brake ;  to  assemble  the  axle  seats  and  am- 
munition carriers ;  to  dismount  the  trail  and  rocker ;  see  pp.  81  to  83 
inc.,  Handbook  for  the  3-inch  Gun  Materiel,  1916. 

SIGHTS  AND  OBSERVING  INSTRUMENTS 

62.  The  sights,  quadrant,  B.  C.  Telescope,  aiming  circle,  field  glasses 
and  range  finder,  are  all  delicate  instruments.    They  should  be  handled 
with  the  very  greatest  care  and  when  not  in  use  should  be  properly 
replaced  in  the  carrying  cases  or  boxes  provided. 

27 


63.  The  following  things  should  be  forbidden: — 

To  turn  unnecessarily  any  worm  knobs ;  to  tighten  or  to  release 
unnecessarily  any  clamps ;  to  disassemble  for  adjustment  the  interior 
mechanism ;  to  file  or  to  tap  or  hammer  any  of  the  parts ;  to  use  force 
in  manipulating  any  of  the  parts,  clamps  or  worm  knobs ;  to  polish  any 
of  the  parts  ;  to  use  alcohol,  petroleum,  glass  polish,  soap  or  other  agents 
in  cleaning  the  lenses. 

64.  Examination  by  enlisted  men  should  extend  only  to  the  outer 
condition  and  serviceability,  and  whether  the  parts  function  properly. 
All  scales  must  show  clearly;  indexes  of  scales  and  micrometers  must 
coincide.     Level  vials  must  be  intact  and  bubbles  not  too  large.     All 
worm  knobs  and  gears  should  work  smoothly,  without  lost  motion  and 
without  binding  or  jumping.     The  optical  instruments  are  issued  to 
troops  sealed  against  dust  and  moisture.     Under  no  circumstances  will 
these  internal  parts  be  unsealed,  because  the  instrument  may  thereby 
be  seriously  damaged. 

The  field  of  view  must  be  clear.  In  field  glasses  and  in  the  B.  C. 
Telescope,  the  fields  must  be  coincident  so  as  to  form  a  single  image. 
The  graduated  cross  wires  must  be  upright  and  focused  so  that  the 
image  will  be  sharply  defined.  During  cold  weather  the  eyes  should  not 
be  brought  too  close  to  the  eye  pieces,  otherwise  vapor  will  condense  on 
the  lenses. 

65.  Care  and  Cleaning* — All  traces  of  dust  or  moisture  to  be  re- 
moved before  putting  away.      Carrying  cases   and  boxes   should  be 
stored  in  a  place  which  is  dry,  free  of  dust  and  only  moderately  warm. 
If  moisture  has  collected  on  the  glasses,  place  instruments  in  gentle 
warmth.    Exposed  bearing  surfaces  should  be  only  lightly  oiled  and  sur- 
plus oil  wiped  off,  care  being  taken  to  keep  the  glasses  free  from  oil. 
Lenses  and  glasses  are  dusted  with  the  camel's  hair  brush  provided. 
When  necessary  use  cleaning  cloth  or  chamois  skin,  free  of  grit  or  dirt, 
for  cleaning  lenses.    In  this  case  do  not  apply  much  pressure  in  wiping 
off.     Never  use  a  rough,  dirty  or  woolen  rag.     Never  use  the  O.D. 
shirt,  O.D.  coat  or  a  dirty  handkerchief  on  the  lenses.    If  cleaning  cloth 
or  chamois  skin  is  not  available,  the  best  substitutes  are  a  piece  of 
rumpled  toilet  paper,  a  silk  or  soft  linen  handkerchief. 

Never  expose  unnecessarily  to  extreme  cold,  to  the  direct  rays  of 
the  sun,  or  the  heat  of  a  stove  or  radiator. 

Carrying  cases  and  boxes  must  be  in  a  serviceable  condition. 
Padding  and  brackets  must  be  intact  and  hold  instruments  securely  in 
place.  Locks  and  clamps  in  good  order. 

66.  Full  descriptions  and  instructions  in  the  care  and  adustment  of 
sights  and  quadrants  are  given  on  pp.  119  to  140  inc.,  Handbook  for 

V  28 


f 

fill 

III 


the  3-inch  Gun  Materiel,  1916.  Attention  is  invited  to  G.  O.  No.  47, 
W.  D.,  March  24,  1905,  with  reference  to  the  care  and  repair  of  pano- 
ramic sights.  A  complete  description  and  full  instructions  in  the  care 
and  adjustment  of  all  F.  A.  Observing  Instruments  will  be  found  in  the 
Handbook  of  Fire  Control  Equipment  for  F.  A.,  1916. 

The  permissible  disassembling  of  telescopic  instruments,  must  'be 
done  only  in  the  presence  of  an  officer. 

Ordnance  Office  Pamphlet  No.  1795,  gives  very  detailed  descrip- 
tions of  the  methods  of  disassembling,  repairing  mechanisms  and  optical 
systems,  as  well  as  optical  adjustments.  Disassembling  as  permitted 
therein  may  be  done  only  by  officers  and  employees  of  the  Ordnance 
Department. 

SIGHTS 

67.  The  instruments  provided  for  sighting  and  laying  the  gun  include 
a  line  sight,  a  rear  sight,  a  front  sight,  a  panoramic  sight,  and  a  range 
quadrant. 

68.  Line  sights* — The  line  sight  consists  of  a  conical  point  as  a  front 
sight  and  a  V  notch  as  a  rear  sight,  located  on  the  top  element  of  the 
gun.     They  determine  a  line  of  sight  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  bore, 
useful  in  giving  general  direction  to  the  gun.     (Fig.  1.) 

69.  Front  and  rear  sights* — The  front  and  rear  sights  are  for  gen- 
eral use  in  direct  aiming.     The  front  sight  carries  cross  wires.     The 
rear  sight  is  of  the  peep  variety,  constructed  as  follows :     To  the  sight 
bracket  is  attached  the  shank  socket  upon  which  a  spirit  level  is  mounted 
for  the  necessary  correction  due  to  difference  in  level  of  wheels.     The 
sight  shank  consists  of  a  steel  arc,  the  center  of  which  is  the  front  sight. 
It  slides  up  and  down  in  the  shank  socket  and  is  operated  by  a  scroll 
gear.    A  range  strip  is  attached  to  the  face  of  the  shank  and  is  gradu- 
ated up  to  6500  yards,  least  reading  50  yards.    To  the  left  side  of  the 
shank   is   an  elevation  spirit  level,  permitting  approximate   quadrant 
elevations  to  be  given  with  the  sight  shank  when  the  quadrant  is  out  of 
order. 

The  peep  sight  and  its  deflection  scale  are  mounted  above  the 
shank.  This  peep  traverses  along  a  screw  operated  by  a  knurled  head. 
A  socket  and  ratchet  are  also  provided  for  the  attachment  of  the  pano- 
ramic sight. 

70.  Nomenclature  of  the  important  parts  of  the  Rear  Sight :  - 

(Fig.  11) 

Peep  sight  Shank   socket 

Elevation  level  Cross  level 

Deflection  scale  Leveling  screw 

Peep  sight  screw  and  head  Scroll  gear  and  handle 

Range  strip  Rear -sight  bracket 

Shank  Panoramic  sight  socket  and  ratchet 

30 


Panoramic  Sight,  Model  of  1915 

(Fig.  12) 

71.  The  panoramic  sight   is  a  vertical  telescope  so  fitted  with  an 
optical  system  of  reflecting  prisms  and  lenses  that  the  gunner  with  his 
eye  at  the  fixed  eyepiece  in  a  horizontal  position  can  bring  into  the  field 
of  view  an  object  situated  at  any  point  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the 
axis  oi  the  telescope. 

The  rays  coming  from  the  object  are  reflected  downward  from 
the  rotating  head  prism  into  the  rotating  prism.  The  rotating  prism 
rectifies  the  rays;  after  their  passage  through  the  achromatic  objective 
lens,  the  lower  reflecting  prism  reflects  them  in  such  a  way  that  there  is 
presented  to  the  eyepiece  a  rectified  image,  which  the  eyepiece  magni- 
fies. A  glass  reticule  marked  with  graduated  cross  lines  is  located  in 
the  focal  plane  of  the  instrument,  with  the  intersection  of  the  cross  lines 
coincident. 

The  instrument  has  a  universal  focus,  a  magnifying  power  of  4 
and  field  of  view  of  180  mils. 

72.  The  principal  parts  of  the  panoramic  sight  are  the  rotating  head, 
the  elevation  device  and  its  micrometer,  the  azimuth  mechanism  with 
limb  and  micrometer,   the   rotating  prism  mechanism,   the   deflection 
mechanism,  R  and  L  scale  and  micrometer,  the  shank  and  the  eye  piece. 

The  limb  or  azimuth  scale  is  divided  into  64  parts,  each  division 
representing  100  mils. 

The  azimuth  micrometer  is  divided  in  100  equal  divisions  or  mils, 
numbered  every  5  mils.  One  complete  revolution  of  the  azimuth  micro- 
meter is  equal  to  the  distance  between  divisions  on  the  azimuth  scale. 
The  limb  of  the  deflection  scale  is  divided  into  six  divisions ;  three  on 
each  side  of  the  zero,  red  for  right  and  black  for  left,  each  division 
representing  100  mils.  The  deflection  micrometer,  engraved  upon  the 
front  end,  is  graduated  into  100  equal  divisions,  numbered  every  10 
mils,  red  and  black  in  opposite  directions. 

The  Range  Quadrant 
(Fig.  13) 

73.  The  range  quadrant  consists  of  the  quadrant  spring  fastening  and 
bracket,  rocker,  body,  scroll  gear,  range  disk,  range  and  cross  levels 
with  suitable  leveling  screws,  and  a  micrometer  to  set  off  the  angle  of 
site. 

The  range  disk  is  graduated  to  6500  yards,  least  reading  every 
50  yards,  scale  numbered  every  500  yards.  This  disk  is  operated  by  a 

32 


scroll  gear.  Large  changes  in  range  may  be  made  by  pulling  out  the 
hand-wheel,  thus  disengaging  the  scroll  gear,  and  moving  the  body  and 
index  to  the  approximate  range,  whereupon  the  hand-wheel  is  released 
«nd  the  range  accurately  set  by  again  turning  the  hand-wheel. 

The  micrometer  has  100  divisions  and  is  operated  by  a  milled 
head.  The  limb  of  the  micrometer,  called  the  level  scale,  is  graduated 
from  2  to  5,  each  division  corresponding  to  one  complete  revolution  of 
the  micrometer.  The  arbitrary  reference  point  or  mean  position  of 
the  level  holder  is  300  which  corresponds  to  a  point  on  the  same  level 
as  the  gun. 


CARE  AND  INSPECTION  OF  SIGHTS 

74.  Rear  Sight  Bracket. — Should  not  be  bent,  broken  or  cracked. 
Must  be  seated  firmly  in  the  bracket  support. 

Shank  Socket  Mechanism. — Not  bent  or  burred;  interior  of 
shank  socket,  scroll  and  worm  gears  free  of  scratches,  burrs  or  de- 
formed threads.  Sight  shank  easily  inserted  and  moved  up  and  down 
in  the  socket.  Scroll  gear  securely  held  in  mesh  with  rack  of  sight 
i'hank.  For  large  movements  of  shank,  should  be  easily  disengaged  by 
pulling  out  scroll  gear  handle ;  must  be  securely  held  in  place  by  spring- 
when  released.  Keep  interior  well  lubricated.  See  that  level  vials  of 
cross  and  elevation  levels  are  intact  and  bubbles  not  too  large. 


Sight  Shank. — Rack  on  right  side  must  engage  with  scroll  gear; 
keep  lightly  oiled.  Sight  shank  should  remain  in  fixed  position  except 
when  disengaged  or  operated  by  scroll  gear  handles.  For  changes  in 
range  of  300  yards  or  less  use  only  the  scroll  gear ;  over  300  yards  pull 
scroll  gear  handle  and  slide  shank  up  or  down  in  socket  by  hand,  making 
accurate  setting  with  the  scroll  gear. 

Panoramic  Sight. — Lug  must  fit  snugly  in  T  slot  of  rear  sight 
and  then  held  fast  by  clamp  screw  and  ratchet.  When  making  ready 
for  march  order,  first  set  the  azimuth  and  R  &  L  deflection  scales  at 
z^ro,  and  the  elevation  scale  at  300.  Release  clamp  screw  and  ratchet. 
In  removing  panoramic  sight,  grasp  at  center  below  the  azimuth  gear 
case,  lift  vertically  out  of  the  socket,  lower  the  top  of  sight  to  the  left 
and  replace  in  panoramic  sight  box. 

Quadrant. — Must  fit  snugly  in  its  bracket,  spring  catch  engaging. 
Nut  on  range  disk  must  be  tight  to  prevent  slipping.  To  remove  quad- 
rant, press  on  spring  catch  before  sliding  off  bracket. 

34 


FIELD  ADJUSTMENT  OF  SIGHTS  AND  QUADRANT 

75.  The  sights  are  correctly  adjusted  when,  at  zero  elevation  and  de- 
flection, correction  having  also  been  made  for  difference  of  level  of 
xvheels,  the  line  of  sight  is  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  bore. 

76.  The  range  quadrant  is  correctly  adjusted  when,  with  the  range 
disk  set  at  zero,  level  set  at  300,  axis  of  gun  horizontal  and  corrected 
for  difference  of   level  of   wheels,  the  bubble  of  the   range  level   is 
centered. 

77.  In  adjusting  sights,  the  panoramic  sight  should  first  be  corrected. 
Jf  the  rear  sight  is  adjusted  first,  it  will  require  readjustment  if  the 
subsequent  adjustment  of  the  panoramic  sight  causes  a  change  in  posi- 
tion of  the  rear-sight  range  strip.  • 

78.  To  adjust  the  panoramic  sight* — Select  a  well  defined  point  at 
least  2000  yards  distant.     If  the  bore  sights  are  not  available,  stretch 
two  threads  or  hairs  from  the  tail  of  a  horse  across  the  grooves  marked 
on  the  face  of  the  muzzle  and  fasten  them  by  a  strap  or  rubber  band 
Remove  the  firing-lock  case  from  the  hub  of  the  block-carrier.     By 
sighting  through  the  hole  in  the  vent  bushing  of  the  breech-block,  adjust 
the  intersection  of  the  cross  hairs  on  the  distant  point,  using  the  elevat- 
ing and  traversing  mechanisms  of  the  gun.     Now  without  moving  the 
gun  or  disturbing  the  laying  of  the  cross  hairs,  bring  the  cross  wires  of 
the  panoramic  sight  on  the  same  distant  point  by  means  of  the  azimuth 
.scale  worm-knob  and  the  scroll  gear  of  the  rear  sight  (on  panoramic 
sights,  M  1915,  to  the  deflection  R  &  L  scale  should  first  be  made  to 
read  o,  and  the  deration  scale  of  the  objective  to  read  300).  The  cross 
hairs  of  the  gun  and  the  cross  wires  of  the  panoramic  sight  will  thus  be 
bid  on  the  same  point.     Now  adjust  the  azimuth  micrometer  scale  to 
read  0  by  means  of  unscrewing  and  tightening  the  screw  on  the  milled 
head.    Loosen  the  nut  on  the  range  strip ;  move  it  up  or  down  until  it 
reads  (0)   100.     Tighten  the  nut  again.     Verify  the  laying.     For  this 
adjustment,  it  is  not  necessary  to  have  the  wheels  or  the  carriage  on  a 
level  platform ;  cross  level  should  be  leveled. 

79.  To  adjust  the  rear  sight* — Having  adjusted  the  panoramic  sight 
and  the  rear  sight  range  strip  as  described  above,  and  without  disturb- 
ing the  laying  of  the  gun,  shift  the  deflection  scale  of  the  peep  sight 
and  raise  or  lower  the  front  sight  until  the  cross  wires  of  the  latter  are 
laid  upon  the  same  distant  point.     Now  loosen  the  two  screws  of  the 
deflection  scale  and  place  the  0  of  this  scale  opposite  the  index  of  the 
peep  sight.     The  front  sight  is  raised  or  lowered  by  removing  the  split 
pins  and  then  turning  the  front  sight  in  the  sight  bracket  sleeve  either 
tip  or  down. 

35 


80.  To  adjust  the  quadrant* — (a)  If  an  adjusted  B.  C.  telescope  or 
another  gun  with  its  quadrant  in  proper  adjustment  is  available,  the 
angle  of  site  of  some  distinctly  visible  and  distant  point  is  measured  by 
either  of  these  means.  The  gun  to  be  adjusted  is  then  laid  upon  this 
distant  point  either  with  the  bore  sights,  or  with  the  tangent  sight  set  at 
G  (or  some  other  convenient)  range.  The  measured  angle  of  site  is  then 
set  off  on  the  level  scale  of  the  quadrant  and  the  bubble  of  the  range 
level  is  centered  by  turning  the  hand-wheel  of  the  range  disk.  By  using 
the  quadrant  wrench,  the  range  disk  is  then  adjusted  to  read  0  range  (or 
the  convenient  range  previously  set  off  on  the  tangent  sight). 

(b)  If  no  means  are  at  hand  to  correctly  measure  the  angle  of  site 
of  a  distant  point,  the  quadrants  may  be  adjusted  by  using  two  guns  as 
follows :  Unlimber  two  guns  at  about  the  same  level,  first  seeing  that 
the  sights  are  in  adustment  (Par.  75).  Lay  both  guns  upon  some 
distant  point  by  means  of  the  panoramic  sight  set  at  0  range.  Now  set 
both  quadrants  for  the  same  angle  of  site  (roughly  estimated  A.  S.  of 
the  distant  point)  and  center  the  bubbles  of  the  range  level  by  turning 
the  hand-wheel  of  the  range  disks.  By  means  of  the  quadrant  wrench, 
adjust  the  range  disk  of  one  of  the  quadrants  to  agree  with  the  other. 
Whatever  error  exists  will  now  be  the  same  in  each  quadrant. 

Now  move  one  of  the  guns  about  100  yards  away  and  turn  the 
muzzles  toward  each  other.  With  the  sights  set  at  0  range,  lay  the 
paroramic  sights  upon  each  other  and  measure  the  angle  of  site  of  each 
gun.  Half  the  difference  of  the  two  readings  will  be  the  slope  of  the 
line  of  sight  between  the  two  guns.  On  the  level  scale  of  the  quadrant 
which  read  the  greater  angle  of  site,  set  off  300  plus  the  half-difference, 
on  the  other  quadrant  set  off  300  minus  the  half-difference.  Now 
center  the  bubble  of  the  range  level  by  turning  the  hand- wheel  of  the 
range  disk.  By  using  the  quadrant  wrench,  adjust  the  range  disk  until 
h  reads  0  range.  Having  thus  adjusted  two  guns,  the  others  may  be 
adjusted  by  the  first  means  described. 

OBSERVING  INSTRUMENTS 
B.  C  Telescope,  M.  \9\5 

(Fig.  14) 

81.  The  B.  C.  Telescope,  M.  1915,  is  a  binocular  observing  instru- 
ment of  the  scissors  type.  The  two  tubes  of  the  telescope  may  be 
clamped  either  in  a  vertical  or  a  horizontal  position.  In  the  former 
position  the  objectives  are  12  inches  above  the  eyes  of  the  observer, 
and  in  the  latter  position  they  are  24  inches  apart  and  at  the  same  height 

36 


as  the  eyes  of  the  observer.  In  both  cases  they  permit  the  observer 
to  take  advantage  of  some  shield  or  other  cover  and  still  obtain  a  full 
view  of  the  sector  of  observation.  The  tubes  may  be  adjusted  for 
the  observer's  interpupillary  distance  in  either  the  vertical  or  the  hori- 
zontal position.  The  eyepieces  may  be  adjusted  to  the  eyes  of  the  ob- 
server by  screwing  in  or  out. 

82.  The  principal  parts  of  the  telescope  are: — Leveling  mechanism, 
azimuth  mechanism,  elevating  mechanism,  angle  of  site  mechanism,  the 
telescopes  and  the  tripod.    A  carrying  case  is  provided  separately  for 
the  instrument  and  for  the  tripod.     In  garrison  a  storage  case  is  also 
provided. 

The  leveling  mechanism  consists  of  a  ball  and  socket  joint  oper- 
ated by  the  vertical  spindle  clamping  screw. 

The  azimuth  mechanism  consists  of  the  azimuth  worm  knob  with 
its  lever,  operating  the  azimuth  worm  and  worm  wheel;  the  adjusting 
or  slow  motion  knob  and  the  azimuth  clamp.  The  azimuth  limb  is 
divided  into  64  parts,  each  division  representing  100  mils.  The  azimuth 
micrometer  is  divided  into  100  equal  parts  or  mils,  numbered  every 
10  mils.  One  complete  revolution  of  the  micrometer  is  equal  to  one 
division  of  the  limb.  The  scales  therefore  correspond  to  those  on  the 
panoramic  sight,  6400  mils  to  the  circumference. 

The  leveling  mechanism  is  operated  by  the  small  elevation  worm 
knob. 

The  angle  of  site  mechanism  consists  of  the  level,  the  angle  of  site 
scale  and  micrometer  with  its  worm  knob. 

The  telescopes  consist  of  the  eyepieces,  telescopic  tubes  with  their 
optical  systems.  In  the  right  eyepiece  is  a  graduated  cross  wire  which 
can  be  rotated  for  either  the  horizontal  or  the  vertical  position. 

The  tripod  is  similar  to  the  usual  telescopic  instrument  tripod. 

The  optical  characteristics  of  the  instrument  are  as  follows : — 
Power  10;  field  of  view  75  mils ;  focal  length  of  objectives  \\l/2  inches ; 
the  field  is  flat,  free  from  chromatic  and  spherical  aberration,  coma  and 
distortion. 

Care  and  Instructions 

83.  To  set  up  the  telescope. — First  set  up  the  tripod,  clamping  and 
propping  the  legs  so  as  to  obtain  the  desired  cover  and  view.    By  means 
of  the  vertical  spindle  clamping  lever,  approximately  center  level  on 
azimuth  worm  case  and  clamp  tightly.     Carefully  take  out  B.  C.  tele- 
scope from  case  and  while  pressing  on  locker  plunger,  place  telescope 
on  vertical  spindle  so  that  the  projection  on  the  azimuth  worm  case 

37 


will  tit  the  corresponding  slotted  segment  of  the  telescope.  Release 
the  locking  plunger. 

To  focus  the  eye  pieces* — Adjust  each  eye  piece  separately  by 
turning  the  same  until  the  image  of  a  distant  object  appears  sharply 
defined.  Read  the  diopter  scale,  plus  or  minus,  and  note  for  future  use. 

To  adjust  the  interpupillary  distance* — The  eye  pieces  having 
been  focused,  loosen  the  large  friction  clamp  knob  in  front.  Grasp 
both  tubes  with  the  hands  and  separate  or  close  them  in  (either  in  the 
vertical  or  horizontal  position)  until  the  fields  of  view  of  the  two  eye- 
pieces are  exactly  coincident  and  present  a  single  image  to  the  eyes. 
This  can  be  tested  by  alternately  closing  one  eye  and  then  the  other, 
noting  any  movement  in  the  image.  Tighten  the  large  friction  clamp 
knob.  Read  the  interpupillary  scale  and  note  for  future  use. 

84.  To  lay  0  on  any  point* — Level  the  instrument  by  means  of 
the  vertical  spindle  clamping  screw.     Bubble  must  remain  approxi- 
mately centered  while  instrument  is  turned  1600  mils.    Set  both  the  azi- 
muth index  and  the  micrometer  to  read  zero.     Release  the  azimuth 
clamp  shaft  knob ;  turn  the  telescope  toward  the  point  and  tighten  the 
azimuth  clamp  shaft  knob.    Bring  the  vertical  wire  accurately  on  the 
point  by  turning  the  azimuth  adjusting  worm  knob. 

To  measure  the  deflection  and  site  of  a  target* — Lay  the  zero 
on  the  aiming  point  as  above.  If  the  line  of  sight  must  be  moved 
through  a  large  angle,  press  down  the  azimuth  worm  lever  as  far  as 
it  will  go  and  while  holding  it  down  move  the  azimuth  mechanism  until 
the  line  of  sight  is  approximately  directed  upon  the  target ;  then  release 
the  worm  lever  and  bring  the  cross  wires  accurately  on  the  target  by 
turning  the  azimuth  worm  knob  (for  deflection)  and  the  elevation 
\vorm  knob  (for  elevation).  Center  the  site  level.  Read  the  deflection 
and  site. 

For  carrying  the  B.  C.  telescope  assembled  on  the  tripod,  clamp' 
tightly  the  vertical  spindle  clamping  lever ;  close  in  and  clamp  the  tubes 
of  the  telescope ;  slide  up  and  clamp  the  lower  tripod  legs ;  then  carry 
the  telescope  over  the  shoulder  by  grasping  the  tripod  legs,  tube  bases 
of  telescope  resting  on  the  shoulder. 

85.  To  dismount  the  B«  C*  Telescope  and  to  pack  in  carrying 
case* — Screw  in  both  eye  pieces.     Press  on  the  locking  plunger  and 
lift  the  telescope  vertically  oft"  the  spindle.    Unclamp  the  large  friction 
clamp  knob,  bring  the  tubes  together  and  insert  in  the  carrying  case; 
close  and  lock  the  lid.    In  dismounting  the  tripod  the  leg  separators  of 
the  upper  sections  should  first  be  undamped.    After  the  lower  legs  have 
been  assembled,  they  should  be  clamped.    To  set  up  the  tripod  the  oper- 
ation is  reversed. 

38 


Aiming  Circle,  M*  J9J6 
(Fig.  15) 

86.  The  Aiming  Circle  is  an  angle  measuring  instrument  only  and 
consists  of  a  telescope,  leveling  mechanism,  angle  of  site  device,  eleva- 
ting mechanism,  azimuth  circle  and  compass,  mounted  on  a  tripod. 

Its  leveling,  azimuth  and  angle  of  site  mechanisms  are  similar  to 
those  in  the  B.  C.  Telescope,  as  is  also  the  tripod.  The  elevating 
mechanism  consists  of  (a)  elevating  worm  knob  and  gear  connecting 
it  with  the  telescope.  The  telescope  lias  a  universal  focus,  magnifying 
power  of  4,  and  a  field  of  180  mils.  The  cross  wires  are  illuminated  by 
a  window.  The  compass  is  secured  by  the  needle  release  button. 

Care  and  Instruction. 

87.  Glass  compass  cover  should  fit  tightly.     Compass  needle  when 
clamped  should  not  rotate  while  instrument  is   revolved   or  tipped. 
When  release  button  is  pressed,  compass  must  swing  freely  on  pivot 
and  again  remain  clamped  when  button  is  released.     Compass  should 
be  released  only  when  aiming  circle  is  set  up  and  horizontal. 

Bubble  must  remain  approximately  centered  while  instrument  is 
turned  1600  mils. 

88.  To  lay  0  on  any  point* — Set  both  the  azimuth  index  and  the 
micrometer  to  read  zero.     Release  the  wing  nut;  turn  the  telescope 
toward  the  point  and  again  tighten  the  wing  nut.     Bring  the  vertical 
wire  accurately  on  the  point  by  turning  the  adjusting  worm  wheel. 

To  measure  the  deflection  and  site  of  a  target* — Lay  0  on  the 
aiming  point  as  above.  If  the  line  of  sight  must  be  moved  through  a 
large  angle,  press  down  on  the  azimuth  worm  lever  as  far  as  it  will  go 
and  while  holding  it  down,  move  the  azimuth  mechanism  until  the  line 
of  sight  is  approximately  directed  upon  the  target;  then  release  the 
worm  knob  (for  deflection)  and  the  elevation  worm  knob  (for  eleva- 
tion). Center  the  site  level.  Read  the  deflection  and  site. 

89.  To   measure   the   compass   deflection   of   a   target* — Set   both 
the  azimuth  index  and  the  micrometer  to  read  0.    Release  the  wing  nut ; 
turn  the  telescope  until  the  N  and  S  poles  of  the  compass  are  respec- 
tively near  the  N  and  S  points  marked  on  the  compass  box.    Make  the 
coincidence  accurately  with  the  adjusting  worm  wheel.     Now  proceed 
to  measure  the  deflection  and  site  of  the  target  as  described  above. 

In  the  latest  type  of  Aiming  Circle,  the  interior  of  the  compass 
box  is  graduated  in  mils.  This  simplifies  the  measurement  of  a  com- 
pass deflection.  With  the  instrument  reading  0,  the  line  of  sight  is  laid 
upon  the  target.  Now  press  the  needle  release  button  and  when 
the  needle  stops  swinging,  read  the  compass  deflection. 

90.  The  Tripod  and  Azimuth  Gear  Case. — The  leather  cover  pro- 
tecting the  ball  and  socket  joint  must  fit  snugly  both  above  and  below, 

40 


AIMING   CIRCLE 
Fig.  15 


and  be  free  of  rips  or  holes.  The  ball  and  socket  joint  and  the  tripod 
legs  should  be  easily  adjusted  and  moved,  but  should  remain  fixed  when 
clamped  by  the  clamping  levers. 

For  carrying  the  aiming  circle  assembled  on  the  tripod,  the  wing 
nut  and  the  vertical  spindle  clamping  lever  should  be  clamped  tightly 
and  the  instrument  carried  over  the  shoulder  by  grasping  the  tripod 
legs,  head  of  tripod  resting  on  the  shoulder. 

ADJUSTMENTS  B.  C  TELESCOPE  AND  AIMING  CIRCLE 

91.  The  B.  C.  Telescope  and  the  Aiming  Circle  are  correctly  adjusted 
when  the  following  conditions  prevail: — Telescope  properly  focused; 
plane  of  level  perpendicular  to  the  vertical  axis  of  the  instrument ;  angle 
of  site  scale  reading  300  when  the  line  of  sight  is  horizontal;  lost 
motion  on  worm  gears  eliminated.     In  principle,  the  adjustments  of  the 
B.  C.  Telescope  and  of  the  Aiming  Circle  are  exactly  the-  same.    The 
leveling  and  focusing  have  already  been  described.     Detailed  instruc- 
tions of  the  operations  in  eliminating  lost  motion  in  the  worm  gears 
will  be  found  in  the  Handbook  for  F.  A.  Fire  Control  Equipment,  1916. 

92.  To  make  the  site  scale  read  300  when  the  line  of  sight  is 
horizontal* — Set   up   the   telescope   or   aiming   circle.     Level   the   in- 
strument so  that  the  bubble  on  the  azimuth  worm  case  will  remain 
centered  while  the  instrument  is  turned  1600  mils.    Lay  on  some  point 
of  a  stake  or  other  "vertical  linear  object  which  is  at  a  convenient  dis- 
tance but  not  closer  than  100  yards  to  the  instrument.    The  point  se- 
lected should  be  at  such  a  height  that  the  telescope  can  later  be  set  up 
close  to  it,  with  the  objective  at  the  same  height  as  the  selected  point. 
Read  the  angle  of  site.    This  reading  will  be  equal  to  (300  4-  S  +  E), 
in  which  S  is  the  angle  of  slope  of  the  line  of  sight,  and  E  is  the  error 
in  the  site  adjustment.     Before  leaving  this  station,  set  up  a  second 
stake  near  the  telescope  and  mark  on  it  a  point  which  is  at  the  height 
of  the  objective. 

Now  move  the  telescope  to  the  first  stake ;  set  up  and  level  the 
instrument  with  the  objective  at  the  height  of  the  point  marked  on  this 
stake.  Lay  on  the  marked  point  of  the  second  stake  and  read  the  site. 
This  angk  will  be  equal  to  (300  -  -  S  +  E).  Subtracting  one 
reading  from  the  other  we  have :  (300-fS  +  E)--  (300—  S  +  E)  = 
2S ;  or  one  half  the  difference  of  the  two  readings  is  equal  to  the  angle 
of  slope  of  the  line  of  sight.  Therefore  with  the  cross  wires  directed 
upon  the  marked  point  of  the  second  stake,  center  the  bubble  of  the  site- 
level.  Now  loosen  the  angle  of  site  locking  screw  and  turn  the  micro- 
meter to  read  (300  —  S),  being  careful  to  keep  the  bubble  centered. 
Screw  up  the  locking  screw.  The  instrument  is  now  in  adjustment. 

42 


Figure  16 


Figure  17 


After  one  telescope  has  been  adjusted,  other  telescopes,  aiming 
circles  and  quadrants  may  be  adjusted  by  merely  measuring  the  site 
of  some  distant  point.  The  other  telescopes  and  guns,  being  in  position 
near  the  adjusted  telescope,  are  then  made  to  read  the  proper  site  when 
laid  upon  the  distant  point. 

FIELD  ARTILLERY  RANGE  FINDER,  1  METER  BASE 

(BAUSCH  &  LOME) 
(Figs.  16,  17,  and  18) 

93.  The  instrument  and  accessories  consist  of  the  range  finder  proper, 
the  tripod  mount,  the  tripod,  the  adjusting  bar,  the  carrying-case  and 
the  storage  box. 

The  optical  parts  of  the  range  finder  are  embodied  in  a  seamless, 
steel  tube  (A)  covered  with  canvas  and  asbestos,  to  minimize  the 
effects  of  the  change  of  temperature.  The  eyepiece  (B)  is  located  in 
the  center  of  the  instrument  and  is  equipped  with  a  focusing  device 
graduated  in  diopters.  A  soft  rubber  eye  cap  is  furnished  to  protect 
the  observer's  eye  from  shocks  and  stray  light.  A  ray  filter  having  two 
sets  of  glass  is  operated  by  a  small  lever  (C)  situated  to  the  lower  left 
of  the  eyepiece  housing. 

The  objective  openings  on  the  end  boxes  are  opened  and  closed  by 
means  of  rotating  shutters  (D).  Buffers  (E)  are  provided  on  the 
ends  as  a  protection  against  shocks. 

The  range  finder  is  of  the  type  known  as  the  fixed  base,  invert, 
single  coincidence.  The  magnifying  power  is  15 ;  actual  field  of  view 
50  mils ;  shortest  distance  measurable  400  yards.  The  instrument 
v/eighs  about  20  pounds.  Under  favorable  conditions  and  with  expert 
operators  the  average  errors  are: 

1000  yds 5  yds. 

2000  yds 15  yds. 

3000  yds 30  yds. 

4000  yds 55  yds. 

5000  yds 90  yds. 

6000  yds 130  yds. 

7000  yds 175  yds. 

8000  yds 225  yds. 

In  practical  use  under  ordinary  conditions  and  with  average  oper- 
ators, the  errors  are  three  times  as  great. 

94.  The  tripod  mount  consists  of  a  spring  catch  (a)  ;  clamping  lever 

(N)  ;  elevation  worm  case    (b)  ;  elevation   worm  knob    (c)  ;   worm 

^  wheel  support  (d)  ;  angle  of  site  micrometer  (e)  ;  angle  of  site  housing 

45 


1 


Figure  18 


(f)  ;  angle  of  site  vial  holder  (g)  ;  clamp  screw  handle  (h)  ;  azimuth 
worm  knob  (i)  ;  azimuth  micrometer  (j)  ;  azimuth  worm  lever  (k)  ; 
azimuth  scale  (m)  ;  adjusting  worm  knob  (n)  ;  and  the  vertical  spindle 
clamping  lever  (p).  The  tripod,  consisting  of  spinxHe  bushing  locking 
screws  (t)  ;  tripod  legs  upper  (r)  ;  tripod  legs  lower  (q)  ;  clamping- 
wing  nuts  (w)  ;  and  locking  clamp  arms  (x),  is  similar  to  that  provided 
for  the  B.  C.  telescope  and  the  aiming  circle. 

CARE  AND  INSTRUCTIONS. 

95.  To  set  up  the  Range  Finder* — Set  up  the  tripod  as  hereto- 
fore prescribed,  take  the  range  finder  from  its  case,  holding  it  with  the 
eyepiece  toward  the  body,  hook  down.     Place  the  instrument  on  the 
support  and  engage  the  spring  catch    (a).     The  instrument  is  then 
firmly  seated  on  the  tripod.     Remove  the  protective  hood  from  the  eye- 
piece and  the   rotating  shutters    (D)    from  the  objective  apertures. 
Loosen  the  locking  lever  so  that  the  range  finder  may  be  made  horizon- 
tal, then  turn  toward  the  target  and  clamp  the  lever.    To  dismount  the 
range  finder  the  operations  are  executed  in  an  inverse  manner. 

96.  To  Measure  a  Distance* — Focus  the  eye  piece.     In  very  bright 
light  or  in  thick  haze  use  the  amber  ray  filter  in  the  eyepiece.     By 
means  of  the  clamps  and  worm  knobs  of  the  azimuth  mechanism  and 
the  worm  knob  of  the  elevation  mechanism,  lay  the  range  finder  on 
the  target  roughly  by  looking  through  the  open  sight  on  top  of  the  in- 
strument.    Final  adjustment  in  deflection  is  made  by  the  adjusting 
worm  knob  (n)  and  in  elevation  by  the  elevation  worm  knob  (c). 

Now,  look  into  the  instrument.  The  field  of  view  (Fig.  20,  b)  is 
divided  into  two  parts  by  a  horizontal  line.  In  the  lower  part  the  image 
is  erect,  in  the  upper  part  inverted.  By  turning  the  elevation  worm 
knob  (c),  the  images  are  lined  up  so  that  the  same  points  will  touch  the 
-dividing  line  (Fig.  20,  c).  Now,  by  turning  the  measuring  roller  (M) 
on  the  right  hand  top  side  of  the  range  finder,  the  upper  image  is  shifted 
laterally  until  the  same  vertically  disposed  points  of  the  target  are 
exactly  opposite  each  other  (Fig.  20,  d).  The  range  is  then  read  on  the 
range  scale  (H),  which  is  protected  by  a  sliding  shutter  (Q). 

In  case  the  target  is  without  prominent  vertical  features,  such  as  a 
crest  line,  the  distance  is  measured  by  first  turning  the  instrument  to  a 
vertical  position  (Fig.  19).  This  is  accomplished  by  the  clamp  scre\v 
handle  (h)  on  the  tripod  mount.  Final  adjustment  in  deflection  is  then 
made  by  the  elevation  worm  knob  (c),  and  in  elevation  by  the  clamping 
lever  (N).  The  crest,  or  other  horizontal  line  is  then  taken  as  the 
ebjective.  (Fig.  20,  e,  f). 

47 


Figure  19 


Fig.  20 


ADJUSTMENTS 

(Fig.  20,  a  to  h) 

97.  Adjustment   for  Height, — The  erect  and   invert  images   some- 
tunes  do  not  touch  the  dividing  line  with  similar  points  so  that  one 
image  reaches  this  line  before  the  other  (Fig.  20,  a).    In  this  case,  lay 
the  range  finder  on  an  object  having  a  sharply  defined  horizontal  line  or 
very  prominent  point,  and  bring  the  images  of  this  point  exactly  oppo- 
site each  other  by  means  of  the  measuring  roller  (M).    The  two  images 
are  then  brought  to  the  dividing  line,  the  lower  image  by  means  of  the 
elevation   worm  knob    (c),  and  the  upper   image  by  means   of   the 
halving  adjusting  roller  (J). 

98.  Adjustment  for  Range* — Three  methods  are  available  for  ad- 
j  Listing  the  range  finder  for  range ;  the  artificial  infinity  method,  using 
the  adjusting  bar;  the  actual  infinity  method,  using  the  sun,  moon,  star, 
or  a  very  prominent  distant  point ;  the  known  range  method,  using  a 
point  the  range  to  which  is  known.     Of  the  three,  the  first  is  the  best 
.and  should  habitually  be  used. 

99.  By  the  Adjusting  Bar* — Set  up  the  range  finder;  take  the  ad- 
justing bar  (u,  Fig.  18)  and  place  it  100  yards  from  the  instrument, 
sighting  through  the  peep  sight  (y)  of  the  adjusting  bar  and  moving  it 
until  the  range  finder  appears  in  the  center  of  the  field  of  view.     Set 
the  range  scale  at  infinity  by  turning  the  measuring  roller  (M),  then 
make  an  observation  on  the  adjusting  bar.     The  right  hand,  line  of  the 
upper  image  of  the  adjusting  bar  and  the  left  hand  line  of  the  lower 
image  should  now  be  coincident,  in  which  case  the  instrument  is  in  ad- 
justment  (Figs.  20,  g,  h).     If  not,  bring  these  lines  in  coincidence  by 
turning  the  key  which  fits  the  square  shaft  (K),  which  operates  the 
range  correction  dial  (L).    This  operation  should  be  repeated  at  least 
three  times,  the  reading  of  the  range  correction  dial  being  noted  each 
time.    Now,  set  the  range  correction  dial  at  the  mean  of  the  three  read- 
ings.   Remove  the  key.    The  instrument  is  now  in  adjustment.    Before 
using,  always  note  the  reading  of  the  range  correction  dial. 

100.  By  the  Actual  Infinity  Method* — This  method  is  in  all  re- 
spects the  same  as  the  one  with  the  adjusting  bar,  except  for  the  images. 
After  the  instrument  is  set  for  infinity,  actual  coincidence  is  made  as  in 
paragraph  99. 

101.  By  the  Known  Range  Method* — Operate  the  measuring  roll- 
er (M)  until  the  range  dial  reads  the  actual  distance  to  the  object. 
After  the  range  finder  has  been  set  for  this  known  range,  actual  coin- 
cidence is  obtained  by  using  the  key  which  operates  the  range  correction 
dial. 

50 


Circle, 
Tripod  for  A.C. 


FIELD  GLASSES 
(Fig.  22) 

102.  The  instruments  for  focusing  the  eyepieces  and  for  adjusting 
the  interpupillary  distance  are  the  same  as  for  the  telescope. 

The  two  barrels  should  revolve  easily  about  the  central  pivot  and 
clamp  in  any  position  of  the  interpupillary  scale. 

After  being  once  adjusted,  the  field  glasses  should  fit  into  the  case 
without  being  changed. 

Carrying  strap,  button  strap  and  rain  shield  should  always  be  part 
of  the  equipment.  Amber  shades  and  camels  hair  brush  should  be  car- 
ried in  the  case  for  use. 

The  vertical  scale  (Fig.  22)  in  the  Type  EE  Field  Glass  represents 
the  infantry  range  scale  and  does  not  apply  to  Field  Artillery. 

Compass  should  always  be  securely  clamped  except  when  in  use. 

THE  BRACKET  FUZE  SETTER,  MODEL  1905  M. 
(Figs.  23  and  24) 

103.  The  bracket  fuze  setter  is  attached  to  the  rear  end  of  the  fuze- 
setter  bracket  on  the  caisson.     It  consists  of  the  following  principal 
parts :     Base,  housing,  corrector-worm  case,  guide,  range  and  corrector 
worms,  rings,  and  scales. 

The  corrector  scale  reads  from  0  to  60,  numbered  every  10  points, 
30  being  the  normal  or  mean  arbitrary  point.  The  range  ring  is  gradu- 
ated to  6400  yards,  numbered  every  500  yards,  least  reading  50  yards. 
These  rings  are  graduated  for  the  F.  A.  fuze  on  one  side  and  for  the 
Ehrhardt  fuze  on  the  other.  Care  should  be  taken  that  the  proper  side 
is  up  when  firing  the  two  different  kinds  of  shrapnel. 

THE  HAND  FUZE  SETTER,  MODEL  1912. 
(Figs.  23  and  24) 

104.  The  hand  fuze  setter  is  provided  for  the  same  purpose  as  the 
bracket  fuze  setter,  and  is  intended  to  supplement  the  latter.    One  hand 
fuze  setter  is  issued  in  a  leather  case  and  is  carried  in  the  trail  box  oi 
each  gun.     It  is  intended  for  the  use  in  case  the  bracket  fuze  setter 
should  become  disabled,  or  in  case  the  gun  should  for  any  reason  be 
separated  from  its  caissons.    The  principal  parts  are  the  case,  the  range 
index  mechanism,  range  mechanism,  corrector  mechanism,  and  guide 
plate. 

52 


Fig.  22 


Inter pupillary  A 
Scale 


Eye-piece  - 


Diopter  Scale- 


-Eye-glass 


_„    -Porro 
Prism 


1  -Objective 


L_2o 


Bracket  Fuze  Seller 


Fig.  23 

-Pointer Arm  and Plate(Corrector  Index) 
-Kcrnge  <Scale  Index. 


-  -  Corrector  Worm  Case. 

— Corrector  Warm   withJCnob. 


Ci 


-Jlange  W0r/n  with  CranJk 


tfuide 

Corrector  Worjn  Case 
Mange  Jiing 

-Hange -Ring  Worm  Wheel 
Corrector  Jtinf 
Rotating  fin 


Housing- 

-Jiange  Worm  uith  CranJc 

with  JCnob 


"x> ffumptng  Holts  a 


Hand  Fuze  Seller. 


--Case 


—Base. 

-Moling  Pin  Notch, 


-   Range  Ring  Corner 


r©  ©  ®  ©  © 


The  corrector  scale  and  the  range  ring  graduations  are  the  same 
as  for  the  bracket  fuze  setter.  The  point  attached  to  the  corrector 
ring  is  so  fixed  that  it  will  coincide  with  the  graduated  line  on  the 
closing  cape  of  the  fuze  when  the  latter  is  correctly  set.  The  fuze 
setter  must  therefore  be  turned  until  it  is  stopped  and  this  coincidence 
is  observed,  otherwise  the  setting  of  the  fuze  is  incomplete. 


AMMUNITION 
(Fig.  25) 

105.  Fixed  ammunition  is  used  in  the  3-inch  field  guns,  and  is  made 
'up  with  either  common  shrapnel,  high  explosive  shrapnel,  or  common 
steel  shell.    The  rounds  as  made  up  vary  in  length  with  the  type  of  pro- 
jectile used.    The  ammunition  chests  of  the  battery  are  of  sufficient  size 
to  take  any  one  of  the  rounds  furnished,  so  that  the  number  of  each 
kind  to  be  carried  is  a  matter  for  regulation  by  proper  authority.    Each 
round  is  issued  with  projectile  filled  and  fuzed.     The  weight  of  the  pro- 
jectile is*  15  pounds,  and  the  total  weight  of  one  round  is  18.75  pounds. 
The  components  of  one  round  are  the  cartridge  case  with  primer,  the 
powder  charge,  igniter,  projectile,  and  fuze. 

106.  The  cartridge  case* — The   cartridge   case   is    a   solid    drawn- 
brass  case  10.8  inches  long;  itjias  a  capacity  of  66.5  cubic  inches,  and 
weighs,  with  primer,  2.25  pounds.    A  circular  groove  is  cut  in  the  base 
of  the  cartridge  case  and  the  groove  is  painted  red  for  high  explosive 
shrapnel,  yellow  for  common  shrapnel,  and  black  for  high  explosive 
shell 

107.  The  primer. — The  percussion  primer,  known  as  the  "110-grain 
percussion  primer,"  contains  an  igniting  charge  of  110  grains  of  black 
powder  in  addition  to  the  essential  elements  of  a  percussion  primer. 
The  purpose  of  the  black  powder  is  to  insure  the  ignition  of  the  smoke- 
less powder  charge  in  cartridge  case. 

108.  The  powder  charge* — The  powder  is  a  nitrocellulose  powder 
composed  of  multiperf orated  (7  perforations)  cylindrical  grains,  each 
0.35  inch  long  and  0.195  inch  in  diameter.    The  charge  varies  slightly 
for  different  lots  of  powder,  but  is  approximately  24  ounces.     The 
charge  gives  a  muzzle  velocity  for  shrapnel  of  1,700  feet  per  second 
(1600  f/s  for  shell)  with  a  maximum  pressure  in  the  bore  not  exceed- 
ing 33,000  pounds  per  square  inch.    At  the  front  end  of  the  cartridge 
case  there  is  an  igniter  of  black  powder  weighing  about  54  oz.  which 
assists  in  the  uniform  ignition  of  the  smokeless  powder  charge. 

56 


109.  The  projectiles* — All  projectiles  have  a  copper  rotating  band 
1.2  inches  from  the  base.    This  band  engages  in  the  rifling  of  the  bore 
of  the  piece,  and  gives  the  projectile  a  rapid  rotation  about  its  long 
axis  during  flight.     This  causes  it  to  travel  straight,  point  on,  without 
tumbling. 

110.  Common  shrapnel* — The  common  shrapnel  is  a  base-charged 
shrapnel  fitted  with  a  combination  fuze.    The  case  is  of  steel  with  solid 
base.    The  shrapnel  filling  is  composed  of  252  balls,  each  approximately 
167  grains  in  weight  (42  to  the  pound).    The  balls  are  approximately 
0.5  inch  in  diameter.     The  balls  are  poured  around  a  central  tube  and 
rest  upon  a  steel  diaphragm,  the  interstices  containing  a  smoke-produc- 
ing matrix.    The  bursting  charge  consisting  of  2^4  oz.  of  black  powder 
is  in  the  base  and  is  covered  by  the  diaphragm  which  supports  the  cen- 
tral tube,  affording  a  conduit  to  the  flame  leading  from  the  fuze  to  the 
bursting  charge. 

In  action  the  case  is  not  ruptured  upon  the  explosion  of  the  burst- 
ing charge ;  the  head  is  stripped  and  the  balls  are  shot  out  of  the  case 
with  an  increase  of  velocity  of 'about  274  feet  per  second.  The  re- 
maining velocity  of  the  shrapnel  at  6,500  yards  is  approximately  724 
feet  per  second  and  the  time  of  flight  22  seconds,  so  that  at  that  extreme 
range,  with  the  increase  of  velocity  due  to  the  bursting  charge,  this 
shrapnel  with  21-second  fuze  will  be  effective.  The  weight  of  the 
shrapnel  with  fuze  is  15  pounds. 

111.  Shrapnel  is  a  projectile  containing  a  great  number  of  hardened 
steel  balls,  each  approximately  J^  inch  in  diameter,  which  may  be  pro- 
jected from  a  point  in  the  air  (called  the  point  of  burst)  close  to  but 
short  of  the  target.    Each  ball  is  capable  of  killing  a  man  or  horse  at  a 
distance  up  to  250  or  300  yards  from  the  point  of  burst.    Taken  collec- 
tively, the  paths  of  these  balls  form  a  cone,  called  the  cone  of  dispersion. 
The  ground  section  of  this  cone  is  elliptical  in  shape  with  its  longer 
axis  approximately  in  the  plane  of  fire.    At  mid-ranges  when  burst  at 
normal  height  of  burst  (H.B.=3  mils),  the  dimensions  of  this  area  are 
approximately  20  yards  wide  by  250  yards  deep.     These  dimensions 
will  however  vary  with  the  -angle  of  fall,  the  height  of  burst,  the  slope 
of  the  ground  at  the  target,  and  the  relation  between  the  linear  and  the 
rotational  velocities  of  the  shrapnel  at  instant  of  burst  in  the  air.    A  3- 
mil  H.B.  is  chosen  because  this  gives  an  average  density  of  1  hit  per 
square  yard  of  vertical  target  area.    An  infantry  skirmisher  (Standing) 
with  his  interval  occupies  approximately  1  square  yard. 

Shrapnel  has  very  little  effect  upon  material  objects.     It  is  very 
effective  against  personnel  not  protected  by  cover,  or  to  search  an  area 
'  which  is  known  to  be  occupied,  or  which  must  be  traversed,  by  hostile 
troops. 

57 


Cove*  Fig,    25 

—  J3dse  (Joi-et*  Groove  anrt  calkiny  wire. 

r  ftolaling  £and.  r-3tecl  Shell. 

r__      .--Base  Detonating  Fuze,  ifyedium  Caliber 


i*   • 


]C*apacify  J3- 12  oz.  Explosive* J}. 


I  I 


---  Lubricafing  and  Crimping  Grooves. 


Steel 


Black  Powder: 


-Cenfrnl  Tu&e. 


Bourrelet.        \-SteelKeacf. 


Common  Shrapnel. 

Groove.  •* 

Percuss? ion  Cap. 
; Compressed fbivderr  TinFott. 
/.Wad. 


Cover  Crimping  Groove. 


'    i   Capacity  6 6.5 cu.  ins 


Xiah  Explosive  Shrapnel, 


112.  Ehrhardt   High-Explosive  ShrapneL — The   Ehrhardt   high-ex- 
plosive shrapnel  is  fitted  with  a  combination  fuze  and  a  high  explosive 
head.    The  case  is  drawn  steel  with  solid  base.    The  shrapnel  filling  is 
composed  of  285  balls,  each  approximately  138  grains  in  weight  (50 
to  the  pound).    The  balls  are  poured  around  the  central  tube  and  rest 
upon  the  steel  diaphragm,  the  interstices  containing  a  matrix  of  high 
explosive. 

In  time  action  (burst  in  air),  the  case  is  not  ruptured  upon  the 
explosion  of  the  bursting  charge,  but  the  head  is  forced  out  and  the  balls 
are  shot  out  of  the  case  with  an  increase  of  velocity  of  from  250  to  300 
feet  per  second.  In  the  meantime  the  head  continues  its  flight,  detona- 
ting on  impact. 

If  the  fuze  be  set  at  "safety"  or  for  a  time  greater  than  the  actual 
time  of  flight,  this  shrapnel  may  be  used  in  lieu  of  high-explosive  shell. 
Upon  impact  a  high-explosive  shrapnel  is  detonated  by  means  of  the 
percussion  element  of  the  combination  fuze,  the  head  being  detonated 
first,  which  detonation  causes  the  sympathetic  detonation  of  high- 
explosive  matrix  surrounding  the  balls. 

113.  Common  Steel  ShelL — This  steel  shell  is  high-explosive  and 
fitted  with  a  base  detonating  fuze.     The  case  is  hollow  and  made  of 
forged  steel.     It  is  provided  with  an  ogival  head.    The  steel  shell  con- 
tains a  bursting  charge  of  13.12  ounces  of  Explosive  D.    The  weight  of 
the  shell  with  bursting  charge  and  fuze  is  15  pounds.     The  shell  is' 
always  issued  filled  and  fuzed. 

This  shell  bursts  on  impact  and  with  great  force  exerted  in  all 
directions.  It  is  a  powerful  instrument  for  the  destruction  of  material 
objects  such  as  guns,  intrenchments,  houses,  stone  walls,  etc.  The 
effect,  however,  is  very  local. 

FUZES 

114.  Frankford    Arsenal    Combination    Fuzes* — These    fuzes    are 
point  fuzes  with  combination  time  and  percussion  elements  for  use  with 
common  shrapnel.     They  are  of  the 'type  known  as  the  ring  or  "dial" 
fuze,  in  which  the  time  train  is  set  by  turning  a  graduated  ring  which 
carries  part  of  the  train.    These  fuzes  may  be  reset  as  often  as  desired. 

115.  Ehrhardt  Combination  Fuze  for  High  Explosive  ShrapneL — 
This  fuze  is  similar  to  the  Frankford  Arsenla  Combination  time  and 
percussion  fuze  but  in  addition  contains  a  high  explosive  head  and  de- 
tonating element.    Due  to  this  arrangement,  both  the  projectile  and  the 
high  explosive  head  have  a  high  explosive  shell  effect  when  striking  on 
impact. 

59 


116.  The  Service  Base  Detonating  Fuze. — The  details  of  the  de- 
tonating fuze  and  the  composition  of  the  detonator  are  kept  secret.  A 
detonating  fuze  is  necessary  in  order  to  produce  a  higher  order  of  ex- 
plosion by  causing  an  instantaneous  conversion  of  the  high  explosive 
compound  called  "Explosive  D"  with  which  the  shell  is  charged.  If  an 
ordinary  percussion  fuze  were  used  only  an  ordinary  explosion  would 
be  produced,  as  in  the  explosion  of  black  powder. 


BLANK  AMMUNITION. 

117.  Preparation  of  Blank  Metallic  Ammunition* — Blank  metallic 
ammunition  will  always  be  assembled  under  the  personal  supervision  of 
a  commissioned  officer,  who  will  be  held  responsible  that  it  is  prepared 
in  the  manner  prescribed.     (G.  O.  9,  War  Dept.,  Jan.  11,  1908;) 

For  this  purpose  there  are  issued  blank-cartridge  cases,  black 
powder,  in  bulk,  tight-fitting  felt  wads,  rubberine,  or  other  quick-drying 
paint,  primers,  etc. 

118.  Before  assembling,  the  cartridge  cases  should  be  carefully  in- 
spected to  see  that  they  are  in  sound  condition  and  thoroughly  clean  and 
dry.    They  should  also  be  tested  by  trying  them  in  the  gun,  to  deter- 
mine whether  they  have  become  deformed.     Any  cases  that  do  not 
readily  enter  the  chamber  in  the  gun  or  that  are  otherwise  seriously  de 
formed  should  be  laid  aside  for  resizing.     After  inspecting  the  cart- 
ridge cases  the  blank  ammunition  should  be  prepared  as  follows : 

(a)  Insert  the  primers  with  the  primer-inserting  press. 

(b)  Pour  into  the  cartridge  case  the  proper  weight  of  black  pow- 
der and  shake  it  down  well. 

(c)  Insert  the  felt  wad  and  press  it  down  hard  until  it  rests 
squarely  on  the  powder  charge. 

(d)  Give  the  upper  surface  of  the  felt  wad  and  the  inside  of  the 
cartridge  case  just  above  the  wad  a  good  coat  of  the  rubberine  or  other 
quick-drying  paint  furnished  for  the  purpose,  using  a  brush,  and  allow 
the  case  to  stand  until  this  coat  is  dry.    Then  apply  another  coat  of  rub- 
berine paint  in  a  similar  manner.    The  object  of  using  rubberine  paint, 
which  is  strongly  adhesive,  is  to  thoroughly  seal  the  joint  between  the 
wad  and  the  case  to  prevent  any  powder  grains  from  leaking  out,  and 
at  the  same  time  to  firmly  hold  the  wad  in  place. 

119.  The  Reloading  and  Cleaning  Outfit.— This  outfit  consists  of 
the  following  parts,  and  is  furnished  to  each  battery : 

60 


Primer-inserting  press,  small  Hammer 

Bushing  Case  holder 

Powder  measure,  saluting  Case-holder  stand 

Decapping  tool,  with  guide  Storage  chest 
Cleaning  brush 

The  bushing  is  used  in  the  primer-inserting  press  for  the  inser- 
tion of  new  primers. 

The  decapping  tool  and  case  holder  and  stand  are  used  for  re- 
moving exploded  primers  from  the  cartridge  cases.  A  light  blow  on 
the  rod  with  a  piece  of  wood  or  the  bronze  hammer  generally  removes 
the  primer. 

A  powder  measure  to  suit  the  saluting  charge  for  the  gun  is  fur- 
nished, and  when  level  full  holds  the  required  charge. 

The  cleaning  brush  is  furnished  for  cleaning  the  cartridge  cases 
after  they  have  been  used  and  should  be  ordered  to  suit  the  size  of  case 
for  which  intended. 

120.  Care  of  Cartridge  Cases* — As  soon  after  firing  as  practicable 
the  exploded  primers  should  be  removed  from  the  cartridge  case  by 
means  of  the  decapping  tools  furnished  with  the  reloading  outfit.    The 
case  should  then  be  thoroughly  washed  in  a  strong  solution  of  soft  soap 
and  soda  to  remove  all  powder  residue.    It  should  then  be  thoroughly 
dried. 

121.  If  the  cartridge  cases  are  carefully  cleaned  and  washed  imme- 
diately after  firing,  not  only  will  less  labor  be  required  but  the  life  of  the 
cartridge  case  will  be  greatly  prolonged. 

A  good  solution  for  washing  cartridge  cases  may  be  prepared  by 
using  ingredients  in  the  following  proportions :  1  gallon  of  water,  2^2 
ounces  of  soft  soap,  5%  ounces  soda.  The  mixture  should  be  boiled 
and  stirred  until  the  ingredients  are  entirely  dissolved. 

In  washing  cartridge  cases  this  solution  should  be  used  hot  and 
in  sufficient  quantity  to  completely  immerse  the  cases. 

Neither  acids  nor  solutions  of  acids  will  be  used  for  cleaning  cart- 
ridge cases. 

Precautions  to  be  Observed  with  Fixed  Ammunition 

122.  (a)  Do  not  unnecessarily  expose  ammunition  to  the  sun  or  load 
it  into  a  warm  gun  before  time  for  firing ;  if  this  is  done,  erratic  shoot- 
ing will  result. 

(b)  Handle  carefully,  otherwise  cartridges  may  become  deformed 
and  cause  jams. 

(c)  Never  use  force  or  any  implements  on  the  base  of  the  cart- 
ridge in  loading. 

61 


(d)   See  that  fuzes  set  at  safety  or  are  provided  with  waterproof 
brass  cover  for  transport. 

(e)  Do  not  fire  ammunition  which  has  been  under  water  with  the 
waterproof  brass  cover  removed. 

(f)  Both  service  and  blank  ammunition  should  never  be  carried 
in  the  battery  at  the  same  time.     If  conditions  are  such  that  both  may 
be  used  in  exercises,  only  one  kind  should  be  in  the  firing  battery;  the 
other  should  be  under  lock  and  key  outside  the  firing  position. 

(g)  Misfires  and  hangfires  are  of  exceedingly  rare  occurrence, 
in  case  of  a  failure  to  fire,  the  firing  handle  should  be  pulled  again  in 
order  to  snap  the  trigger.    If  this  fails  to  fire,  the  breech  should  not  be 
opened  until  after  the  expiration  of  at  least  one  minute,  when  the 
round  or  cartridge  should  be  removed  and  placed  to  one  side.     Defec- 
tive ammunition,  cartridges  and  primers  should  be  reported. 

With  Blank  Ammunition 

123.  Firing  with  blank  ammunition  will  be  greatly  facilitated  by  a 
careful  observance  of  the  following : 

(a)  Before  firing,  a  careful  examination  should  be  made  of  the 
assembled  rounds  to  see  that  the  felt  wads  have  not  become  displaced 
or  the  cartridge  cases  dented  or  deformed  by  careless  handling.    If  the 
cartridge  cases  have  been  properly  resized  and  are  clean,  no  difficulty 
should  be  experienced  in  inserting  them  in  the  gun,  provided  the  cham- 
ber of  the  latter  is  clean,     f  he  continued  insertion  of  cartridge  cases 
that  are  not  clean  causes  an  accumulation  in  the  gun  chamber  which 
may  make  the  insertion  of  subsequent  rounds  difficult  or  impossible. 

(b)  In  firing  blank  ammunition  the  gun  chamber  will  be  sponged 
after  each  round  with  a  damp  sponge,  to  extinguish  sparks  and  remove 
powder  residue  resulting  from  the  previous  round,  before  the  insertion 
of  another  round.  jflB 

(c)  Care  will  be  taken  to  see  that  the  sponges  are  not  worn  and 
that  they  thoroughly  fit  the  chamber.     The  interval  between  rounds  in 
firing  blank  ammunition  should  be  sufficient  to  allow  thorough  sponging 
of  the  chamber  and  examination  to  ascertain  that  all  sparks  have  been 
extinguished. 

(d)  Wads  for  the  preparation  of  blank  metallic  ammunition  are 
made  to  tightly  fit  in  the  cartridge  case.    No  wads  should  be  used  that 
are  not  a  tight  fit  in  the  case. 

(e)  Before  firing  a  salute  with  blank  metallic  ammunition  all  die- 
cartridges  to  be  used  should  be  inserted  in  the  gun  to  ascertain  if  they 
will  fit.     A  few  rounds  in  addition  to  the  required  number  should  tie 

62 


prepared  for  use  in  case  of  misfires.    Lightly  oiling  the  outside  of  cart- 
ridge cases  just  before  use  will  facilitate  their  insertion  and  extraction. 

(f)  Smokeless  powder  must  not  be  used  for  blank  charges. 

(g)  Use  the  small  primer-inserting  press  for  inserting  primers 
in  cartridge  cases  and  the  decapping  tools  provided  for  removing  old 
p  rimers. 

(h)  The  same  precautions  concerning  misfires  and  hangfires 
should  be  observed  as  with  service  ammunition.  Defective  cartridges 
;;nd  primers  should  be  reported  at  once. 

(i)  Saluting  primers  are  issued  in  hermetically  sealed  boxes,  25 
1  o  a  box.  The  boxes  should  not  be  opened  nor  the  cartridge  cases  made 
np  and  primed  until  shortly  before  they  are  required.  Cartridge  cases 
should  then  be  made  up  in  lots  of  25. 

TOOLS  AND  ACCESSORIES 

124.  In  the  repair  of  all  equipment,  it  is  literally  true  that  "a  stitch 
in  time  saves  nine"  and  that  a  timely  repair  will  save  the  entire  article. 

125.  Tool  Kits  will  be  kept  complete  and  serviceable;  edges  of  cold 
chisels   free  from  nicks ;  drifts  and  punches  properly  shaped  imme- 
diately after  using;  and  files  kept  clean. 

To  prevent  unscrewing,  copper  wire  is  used  to  lash  nuts  and  other 
threaded  parts  which  are  not  secured  by  split  pins. 

126.  Contents  of  Leather  Pouch  for  Spare  Parts   (carried  in  Trail 
Box:— 

For  Breech-block —  3  Range  ring  screws 

50  Split  pins  1  Stop  pin  screw 

1  Block  latch  and  spring  For  Bracket  Fuze  Setter — 

t  Firing  pin  and  spring  1  Corrector  scale  screw 

1  Firing  pin  sleeve  3  Guide  screws 

:>  Handy  oilers,  5-16  inch  4  Housing  screws  &  split  washers 

1  Hinge  pin  catch  1  Knob  washer 

1  Lever  latch  spring  1  Range  worm  crank  &  knob 

1  Locking  bolt,  nut  and  pin  taper  pin 

1  Locking  bolt  spring  1  Range  worm  crank  handle 

2  Oil  hole  covers  with  screws  2  Range  ring  screws 
1  Pallet  pin  3  Split  pins  (0.125) 

1  Sear  1  Spring  and  spring  cover   with 

2  Trigger  shaft  detent  screw 

For  Hand  Fuze  Setter —  2  Stop  pins  with  rivets 

:'  Corrector  scale  screws  For  Cylinder — • 

1  Guide  plate  lock  screw  1  Drain-plug,  cylinder 

2  Index  bar  screws  1  Elevating     &     traversing     lock 

1  Index  plunger  and  spring  spring 

2  Oil  hole  screws  1  Filling  plug  (piston  rod) 

1  Range  Index  5  Rings  Garlock  packing,  ->4  in. 

127.  Special  Wrenches,  Spanners,  other  tools  and  accessories,   will 
be  used  only  for  the  purposes  for  which  they  are  intended.     This  pur- 
}>o.<e  is  usually  stamped  upon  the  tool. 

63 


128.  In  assembling  or  disassembling  parts  of  the  materiel,  no  part 
will  be  struck  directly  with  a  hammer.     If  force  is  necessary,  a  piece  of 
wood  or  copper  should  be  interposed  between  the  hammer  and  the  part 
struck.    All  nuts  are  provided  with  split  pins  as  keepers. 

129.  A  pair  of  wire  cutting  pliers  is  provided  for  use  in  pulling  split 
pins,  cutting  wire  lashings,  etc.    When  a  nut  is  assembled,  the  split  pin 
should  always  be  inserted  and  properly  opened. 

130.  Axes,  hatchets,  picks,  pick  mattocks  and  shovels  are  carried  on 
the  carriage  for  use  in  the  field  and  will  not  be  put  to  other  uses.    The 
working  edges  will  be  kept  bright  and  lightly  oiled,  the  edges  being 
sharpened  if  intended  for  cutting,  or  smooth  if  intended  for  digging. 
Deformed  blades,  edges  or  points  should  be  straightened  at  the  anvil 
and  forge  or  in  a  vise.    Shovel  points  are  straightened  with  a  hammer 
on  a  block  of  wood. 

The  side  edges  of  shovel  blades  should  not  be  used  as  a  mattock,  as 
such  treatment  will  deform  the  blade.  In  the  field,  split  handles  should 
be  wrapped  with  a  cord  until  they  can  be  replaced  by  new  handles. 

131.  Canvas  Buckets  are  used  for  watering  animals,  for  washing 
carriages  and  equipment.    Whenever  possible,  they  should  be  dried  be- 
fore folding  and  replacing  in  the  holders  on  the  carriages. 

A  rip  or  hole  may  be  patched  and  made  practically  water-tight  by  a 
coat  of  shellac. 

132.  Lanterns  are  used  for  illuminating  purposes  in  the  field  only. 

133.  Paulins  are  used  to  cover  the  harness  and  guns  when  in  the  field 
or  in  park.    On  the  march  the  are  carried  on  the  carriages,  being  folded 
to  serve  as  seat  cushions.    Holes  and  tears  should  always  be  properly 
sewed,  stitched  or  darned  as  soon  as  practicable. 

134.  Picket  Ropes  are  used  in  the  field  as  drag  ropes  for  the  carriages 
or  as  picket  lines  for  the  animals.    The  ropes  must  be  in  a  serviceable 
condition  and  free  from  knots.    To  keep  them  in  a  serviceable  condi- 
tion splicing  may  often  be  necessary. 

CARE  AND  PRESERVATION  OF  THE  MATERIEL 

135.  The  carriages  must  be  properly  cleaned  and  cared  for  to  insure 
their  working  correctly.    The  officers  responsible  for  the  training  and 
efficiency  of  the  battery  should  familiarize  themselves  with  the  carriage 
mechanism  and  with  the  instructions  as  to  the  methods  of  mounting 
and  dismounting  the  various  parts  (see  Par.  35  to  61)  and  should  see 
that  the  carriages  are  properly  handled,  cleaned,  and  cared  for. 

64 


OILS  AND  CLEANING  MATERIAL  FOR  ARTILLERY  MATERIEL 
AND  THEIR  USE. 

136.  In  order  that  all  parts  of  the  materiel  may  function  easily,  it 
is  necessary  that  all  the  working  and  bearing  surfaces  be  properly 
cleaned  and  lubricated  with  the  appropriate  lubricant.     Where  such 
surfaces  are  not  directly  accessible,  oil  holes  are  provided.    These  holes 
should  be  kept  free  from  grit  and  dirt.     Except  during  oiling,  they 
should  be  kept  fully  closed  by  the  means  provided. 

137.  For  use  in  service,  for  the  cleaning  and  preservation  of  this 
materiel,  the  Ordnance  Department  issues  hydroline  oil,  lubricating  oil, 
clock  oil,  vaseline,  sperm  oil,  coal  oil,  Neat's-foot  oil,  and  light  slushing 
oil.    Each  of  these  oils  is  suited  for  the  particular  purpose  for  which  it 
is  issued,  as  stated  below,  and  care  should  be  taken  that  it  is  not  used 
for  other  purposes. 

138.  Hydroline  Oil. — Used  in  the  recoil  cylinders  of  the  carriages 
and  for  no  other  purpose.    Never  used  as  a  lubricant.    It  is  character- 
ized by  its  low  freezing  point  and  its  non-corrosive  action  on  metals. 

139.  Lubricating  Oil  (Engine  Oil  No.  i). — A  light  petroleum  oil 
used  exclusively  in  all  oil  holes  of  the  materiel,  and  in  lubricating  such 
parts  as  wheels  and  axles,  gun  and  cradle  slides,  cradle  pintle  and 
socket,  elevating  and  traversing  mechanisms,   exterior  of   cylinders, 
brake  bearings,  hinges,  different  surfaces  of  breech-blocks,  threads  of 
breech  recess,  etc. 

140.  Clock  Oil. — Used  on  the  spindle  and  all  bearings  of  the  battery 
commander's  telescope,  bearings  of  the  panoramic  sight,  range  quad- 
rant, and  fuze  setters,  also  on  the  B.  C.  telescope  and  the  field  artillery 
plotter. 

In  all  cases  clock  oil  should  be  used  only  when  the  instruments 
mentioned  are  disassembled  for  cleaning.  It  should  be  applied  by 
dropping  from  the  end  of  the  dropper  attached  to  the  end  of  the  cork. 
In  cases  of  emergency,  use  as  a  substitute  either  sperm  oil  or  engine 
oil  No.  1,  in  the  order  mentioned. 

141.  Vaseline,    (Petrolatum) — A   heavy   petroleum  oil    free   from 
rosin.     Used  on  the  worm  gears  and  worm  racks  of  the  panoramic 
sight,  the  hand  and  bracket  fuze  setters,  B.  C.  telescope  and  on  the 
micrometer  screw  and  bushing  of  the  quadrant.     The  spare  parts  of 
the  breech  mechanism  should  also  be  coated  with  vaseline  and  each 
piece  then  wrapped  in  paper  to  prevent  the  oil  from  being  rubbed  off. 

142.  Sperm  Oil. — A  lighter  lubricant  than  the  lubricating  oil,  and 
may  be  used  on  the  gears  of  sights,  fuze  setters,  range  quadrants,  parts 

65 


of  revolvers,  etc. ;  lubricating  oil  may  also  be  used  on  such  parts.  It  is 
also  used  as  a  temporary  rust  preventive.  Its  low  viscosity  and  light 
body  make  it  unsuitable  for  this  purpose  for  more  than  a  few  days. 

143.  Coal  Oil. — Used  for  cleaning  purposes.     In  the  field  it  may  be 
used  for  lanterns.     Coal  oil  for  general  illuminating  purposes  is  fur- 
nished by  the  Quartermaster's  Department. 

144.  Neat's-foot  Oil. — An  animal  oil  used  to  soften  and  preserve 
leather.    Applied  with  a  moistened  cloth  to  the  flesh  side  of  moistened 
leather. 

145.  Light  Slushing  Oil. — A  heavy  petroleum  oil  similar  to  cosmic. 
Used  as  a  rust  preventive.    Essentially  a  mineral  oil  containing  a  smali 
per  cent  of  rosin.     Prescribed  for  use  in  the  protection  and  preserva- 
tion of  all  bright  or  unpainted  surfaces  of  steel  or  iron  on  all  parts  of 
the  equipment  when  the  materiel  is  to  remain  unused  for  an  appre- 
ciable length  of  time.    Its  use  as  a  lubricant  for  mobile  artillery  is  for- 
bidden. 

Before  applying  the  slushing  oil  to  any  surface,  the  part  should 
be  thoroughly  cleaned,  so  as  to  be  free  from  rust,  water,  coal  oil,  lubri- 
cating oil,  etc.,  as  their  presence  will  cause  rusting  under  the  slushing 
oil.  The  slushing  oil  should  then  be  applied  in  a  thin,  uniform  coal, 
since  this  is  ALL  that  is  necessary  to  give  good  protection. 

Except  in  very  cold  weather  it  can  be  applied  by  using  a  paint 
brush  as  when  painting;  in  cold  weather  it  should  be  applied  by  stip- 
pling— that  is,  by  holding  the  brush  perpendicular  to  the  surface  to  be 
coated  and  then  tapping  the  surface  with  the  point  of  the  brush. 

It  can  be  applied  to  the  bore  of  the  gun  by  a  slush  brush  issued 
for  that  purpose.  In  cold  weather  it  should  be  warmed  before  bein^ 
used  in  the  bore  of  the  gun.  It  may  be  readily  removed  by  use  of  bur- 
lap or  waste  dipped  in  coal  oil. 

146.  Borax. — Issued  for  use  as  a  flux  in  welding. 

147.  Lavaline. — A  metal  polish  issued  interchangeably  with  Gibson's 
soap  polish.    Used  on  bits  and  collars. 

148.  Lye,  powdered. — When  dissolved  in  hot  water  1  pound  to  6 
quarts,  with  sufficient  lime  to  give  a  consistence  of  paint,  is  used  tor 
remove  old  and  blistered  paint.     (See  F.  A.  Handbook.) 

149.  Napthalene. — A  moth  preventive  effective  only  after  eggs  and 
grubs  already  present  have  been  removed.    Used  in  storage  of  blankets, 
etc. 

150.  Polish,  Gibson's  soap. — A  metal  polish  issued  interchangeably 
with  Lavaline.    Used  on  bits  and  collars. 

66 


151.  Paint,  rubberine. — Used  in  connection  with  loading  ammuni- 
iton  in  accordance  with  instruction  regarding  the  same.      (See  Par. 
118.) 

152.  Primer,  brown  enamel. — A  hard,  quick-drying  enamel  used  for 
painting  parts  of  horse  collars,  draft  springs,  etc. 

153.  Sal  soda,  Bicarbonate  of  soda. — A  saturated  solution  of  soda 
and  water  makes  an  alkaline  solution  that  wrill  not  rust.    The  solution 
must  be  saturated ;  that  is,  at  least  20  per  cent,  or  one-fourth  pound  of 
soda  to  1  pint  of  water  (6  heaping  spoonfuls  to  1  cup  of  water).    This 
solution  is  an  effective  solvent  of  powder  fouling  and  should  always  be 
used  after  firing,  whether  metal  fouling  solution  is  to  be  used  or  not. 
It  reduces  the  labor  of  cleaning  with  oil  alone  by  more  than  half.    Used 
also  in  weaker  solution  (one-half  pound  to  8  quarts  of  water)  in  wash- 
ing surfaces  to  be  painted  and  to  remove  dirt  and  grease. 

154.  Soap,  H.  &  H. — A  neutral  Naphtha  soap  used  in  washing  blan- 
kets, web  and  cloth  equipment.    Applied  in  form  of  a  solution  (1  cake 
to  9  cups  of  hot  water).    If  for  any  cause  this  soap  is  not  obtainable,  a 
good  laundry  soap  (Ivory  or  equal)  may  be  used,  but  in  no  case  should 
yellow  soap  containing  a  large  percentage  of  free  alkali  be  used. 

155.  Soap,  castile. — An  alkaline  soap  used  in  cleaning  leather  equip- 
ment.   Applied  as  a  lather  on  a  moistened  sponge. 

156.  Soap,  saddle  (Hollingshead's). — A  soap  used  as  a  dressing  for 
leather  equipment.    Applied  with  thick  lather  on  a  moistened  sponge. 

157.  Sivabbing  solution. — Contains: — 

Ammonium    persulphate,    60   grains   or   one-half    spoonful   smoothed   off. 
Ammonia,  28  per  cent,  6  ounces  or  three-eighths  of  a  pint  or  12  spoonfuls. 
Water.  4  ounces  or  one-fourth  pint  or  8  spoonfuls. 

Dissolve  the  ammonium  persulphate  in  the  water  and  add  the 
ammonia.  Keep  in  a  tightly  corked  bottle.  Pour  out  only  what  is 
necessary  at  a  time  and  keep  the  bottle  corked.  For  use  in  barrels  of 
the  automatic  pistol  and  the  sub-caliber  cartridge  tube  to  remove  foul- 
ing after  firing. 

CARE  AND  CLEANING  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  PARTS  OF  THE  CARRIAGES. 

158.  To    disassemble    and    to    clean   the   cylinder. — For    cleaning, 
the  cylinder  is  dismounted  and  emptied  and  the  cylinder  head,  counter 
recoil  buffer,  and  piston  rod  removed  (see  Par.  40  to  46).    The  interior 
c-f  the  cylinder,  the  piston,  the  counter  recoil  buffer,  and  the  stuffing 
box  should  then  be  thoroughly  cleaned  by  the  use  of  cotton  waste  and 
coal  oil  and  wiped  dry  with  cotton  waste.    The  removal  of  the  packing 

67 


is  not  necessary  in  cleaning.  The  cylinder  bore  should  be  carefully  in- 
spected, and  if  any  rust  has  formed  it  should  be  removed  with  coal  oil, 
using,  if  necessary,  fine  emery  cloth.  The  latter  must  be  used  with 
great  care  to  prevent  any  increase  in  the  clearance  between  the  cylinder 
and  piston.  If  rubbing,  burring,  or  scoring  of  the  parts  is  noted,  the 
rough  spots  should  be  carefully  smoothed  down  by  a  skilled  workman 
with  a  dead-smooth  file  or  with  emery  cloth,  and  the  cause  of  the 
roughness  ascertained  and  removed.  Where  unusual  rubbing  or  scor- 
ing has  occurred,  the  facts  will  be  reported  to  the  officer  of  the  Ord- 
nance Department  charged  with  the  duty  of  keeping  the  battery  in 
repair  for  his  information  and  action. 

The  exterior  of  the  cylinder  should  be  kept  well  oiled  and  free 
from  rust  or  dirt,  and  an  inspection  made  at  least  once  a  month  to 
ascertain  its  condition.  Where  rust  has  formed  it  should  be  removed 
with  coal  oil,  and,  if  necessary,  emery  cloth.  For  shipment  or  storage, 
or  where  the  carriage  is  to  stand  without  firing  for  extended  periods, 
the  cylinder  should  be  coated  with  the  light  slushing  oil  used  for  the 
bores  of  guns. 

159.  To  fill  the  recoil  cylinder* — //  the  cylinder  is  not  completely 
filled,  loss  of  stability  will  occur  and  higher  stresses  than  normal  will 
be  developed  in  the  carriage.  For  this  reason  the  cylinder  should  be 
filled  with  the  greatest  care;  a  commissioned  officer  should  himself 
verify  that  the  cylinder  is  full  and  that  no  air  is  left  in  it,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  void  noted  below.  It  is  far  easier  to  fill  the  cylinder 
when  it  is  disassembled  from  the  cradle.  If  assembled  in  the  cradle, 
bring  the  gun  to  its  maximum  elevation  and  remove  both  filling  and 
drain  plugs.  It  is  necessary  that  the  drain  plug  hole  should  be  located 
on  top  of  the  cylinder.  Fill  through  the  hole  in  the  piston  rod.  Allow 
a  few  minutes  for  the  air  to  escape  and  the  oil  to  settle.  Refill  and  re- 
peat two  or  three  times.  When  satisfied  that  the  cylinder  is  entirely 
full  of  oil,  insert  both  plugs,  and  depress  the  gun  to  its  maximum  de- 
pression. After  a  few  minutes  elevate  again  to  maximum  elevation 
and  unscrew  both  plugs.  Now  refill  as  described  above.  When  en- 
tirely full  allow  not  more  than  2  cubic  inches  (about  one-fourth  of  a 
gill)  of  the  oil  to  escape;  insert  both  plugs  and  lash  them  with  copper 
wire. 

It  may  happen  that  after  firing  a  few  rounds  the  gun  will  not  re- 
turn to  battery.  This  may  be  due  to,  first,  weakness  of  springs ; 
second,  stuffing-box  gland  being  screwed  up  too  tightly ;  or,  third,  the 
oil  having  expanded,  due  to  heat.  In  any  case  the  cause  must  be  ascer- 
tained and  remedied;  if  due  to  expansion  of  oil,  it  is  proven  by  the 
fact  that  the  gun  can  not  be  pushed  into  battery  by  force  exerted  on 

68 


the  breech  of  the  gun.  In  that  case  elevate  the  gun  to  its  maximum 
elevation  and  remove  the  filling  plug.  The  oil  will  now  escape,  per- 
mitting the  gun  to  return  to  battery. 

In  emergencies,  water  may  be  used  in  the  cylinder.  This  should 
be  done  only  when  absolutely  necessary,  and  never  in  freezing  weather, 
and  as  soon  as  practicable  the  cylinder  should  be  emptied,  cleaned,  and 
thoroughly  dried  and  filled  with  hydroline  oil.  About  9  pints  of  hydro- 
line  oil  are  required  for  filling  the  recoil  cylinder. 

160.  To  empty  the  recoil  cylinder* — The  cylinder  may  be  emptied 
either  when  assembled  in  or  disassembled  from  the  cradle.     In  either 
case,  remove  both  the  filling  and  drain  plugs ;  depress  the  forward  end 
of  the  cylinder  and  drain  the  contents  into  a  clean  can  or  other  recep- 
tacle over  which  a  piece  of  linen  or  muslin  has  been  stretched  for 
straining  the  oil. 

161.  To  clean  the  recoil  cylinder  oil* — The  hydroline  oil  used  in 
the  cylinder  should  be  clean  and  free  from  grit  and  dirt. 

The  oil  should  be  stored  in  the  closed  cans  provided  for  the  pur- 
pose, and  be  carefully  protected  from  dirt,  sand,  or  water*.  Oil  with- 
drawn from  the  cylinders  and  containing  any  sediment  must  not  be 
used  again  until  it  has  been  allowed  to  settle  for  not  less  than  24  hours. 
When  sediment  has  thus  been  permitted  to  settle,  great  care  must  be 
taken  not  to  disturb  it  in  removing  the  oil.  To  insure  the  cleanliness 
of  all  cylinder  oil  it  should  be  strained  through  a  clean  piece  of  linen  or 
muslin  before  using. 

162.  To  clean  the  bore  of  the  gttn* — After  firing,  and  at  other 
times  when  necessary,  the  bore  of  the  gun  should  be  cleaned  to  remove 
the  residue  of  smokeless  powder,  and  then  oiled.     In  cleaning,  wash 
the  bore  with  a  solution  made  by  dissolving  one-half  pound  of  sal  soda 
in  1  gallon  of  boiling  water.     After  washing  with  the  soda  solution, 
wipe  perfectly  dry,  and  then  oil  the  bore  with  a  thin  coating  of  the 
light  slushing  oil  furnished  for  that  purpose.     Briefly  stated,  the  care 
of  the  bore  consists  in  removing  the  fouling  resulting  from  firing,  in 
obtaining  a  chemically  clean  surface,  and  in  coating  this  surface  with 
a  film  of  oil  to  prevent  rusting.    The  fouling  which  results  from  firing 
is  of  two  kinds — one,  the  products  of  combustion  of  the  powder;  the 
other,  copper  scraped  off  the  rotating  band.    Powder  fouling,  because 
of  its  acid  reaction,  is  highly  corrosive ;  that  is,  it  will  induce  rust  and 
must  be  removed.    Metal  fouling  of  itself  is  inactive,  but  its  presence 
prevents  the  action  of  cleaning  agents.    It  should  be  removed  if  it  ac- 
cumulates.   At  every  opportunity  in  the  intermissions  of  fire,  the  bore 
of  the  gun  should  be  cleaned  and  lubricated. 

69 


163.  To    clean    the    breech    mechanism. — The    breech    mechanism 
should  be  kept  clean  and  well  lubricated.     It  should  be  dismounted 
(Pars.  35  and  36)  for  examination  and  oiled  when  assembled. 

164.  To   clean  the   recoil  springs* — Dismount   to   clean.     All    rust 
should  be  removed  and  the  springs  well  oiled  before  reassembling. 
When  the  springs  are  dismounted  the  interior  of  the  cradle  should  be 
cleaned  and  examined  for  defective  riveting,  missing  rivet  heads,  and 
scoring.     The  condition  of  the  spring-support  guides  should  be  noted 
and  all  burrs  or  scores  carefully  smoothed  off. 

165.  To  lubricate  the  guide  rails* — The  recoil  guide  rails  of  the 
cradle  should  be  well   lubricated.     Immediately  before  beginning   to 
fire,  they  should  be  oiled  through  all  oil  holes  of  the  gun  and  dust 
guard.     Lack  of  proper  lubrication  of  these  guide  rails  is  the  most 
frequent  cause  of  the  failure  of  gun  to  return  fully  into  battery. 

166.  To  clean,  lubricate  and  care  for  the  elevating  and  traversing 
mechanisms. — The  contact  surfaces  between  cradle  and  rocker  should 
be  kept  clean,  thoroughly  oiled,  and  free  from  rust.     If  indications  of 
rusting,  cuttjng,  or  scoring  of  these  surfaces  appear,  the  cradle  should 
be  dismounted,  the  rust  removed,  and  the  rough  spots  smoothed  away. 

The  elevating  and  traversing  mechanisms  should  be  dismounted 
for  thorough  cleaning  and  overhauling.  They  should  be  kept  well 
oiled  and  should  work  easily.  If  at  any  time  either  mechanism  works 
harder  than  usual,  it  should  be  immediately  overhauled  and  the  cause 
discovered  and  removed. 

In  traveling,  the  cradle  should  be  locked  to  the  trail  by  means  of 
the  elevating  and  traversing  lock,  so  as  to  relieve  the  pointing  mechan- 
isms of  all  travel  stresses. 

167.  To  clean*  lubricate  and  care  for  the  wheels* — The  wheel  and 
wheel  fastenings  should  be  dismounted  periodically  and  the  fastenings, 
hub  boxes,  axle  arms,  and  axle  bore  cleaned  and  examined.    All  rough- 
ness due  to  scoring  or  cutting  should  be  smoothed  off. 

The  hollow  part  of  the  axle  acts  as  a  reservoir  for  the  oil  to 
lubricate  the  wheel  bearings.  Experience  will  show  how  much  oil  is 
needed,  but  enough  should  be  used  to  insure  that  the  oil  will  pass 
through  the  axle  arms  to  the  hub  caps. 

The  nuts  on  the  hub  bolts  should  be  tightened  monthly  during  the 
first  year  of  service  and  twice  a  year  thereafter.  The  ends  of  the  bolts 
should  be  lightly  riveted  over  to  prevent  the  nut  from  unscrewing. 
When  the  hub  bolts  are  tightened,  the  hub  band  should  be  screwed  up 
as  tightly  as  possible  against  the  lock  washer  at  the  outer  end  of  the 
hub  ring. 

70 


The  importance  of  strict  compliance  with  these  instructions  can 
not  be  overestimated.  The  wooden  parts  of  the  wheels  are  made  of 
thoroughly  seasoned  materials,  and  the  hub  bolts  and  bands,  when  the 
wheels  are  issued,  are  properly  tightened ;  but  all  wood  is  susceptible 
to  change  with  atmospheric  conditions,  so  that  the  spokes  speedily  be- 
come loose,  and  if  the  wheel  is  used  in  this  condition  it  will  rapidly  be 
made  unserviceable  and  may  be  damaged  beyond  repair. 

NOTE. — For   Cleaning   Schedule   of    Material   and   Accessories,   see 
Par.  203  to  221. 

GENERAL  INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  THE  CARE  AND 
MAINTENANCE  OF  MATERIEL 

Assembling  and  Disassembling 
168.   (a)  Cradle  Mechanism,  cylinder,  springs,  etc. 

All  work  upon  recoil  cylinders,  sights,  and  other  optical  equip- 
ment should  be  done  in  the  presence  of  a  commissioned  officer. 

The  recoil  cylinder  should  never  be  clamped  in  a  vise,  but  when 
necessary  to  hold  it  from  turning,  a  spanner  applied  to  the  front  end  of 
cylinder  should  be  used. 

Never  remove  the  cylinder  end  stud  nut  when  the  piece  is  at  an 
elevation. 

See  that  proper  kind  of  oil  is  used  in  cylinders  and  for  lubrica- 
tion. 

Strain  the  oil  used  in  filling  the  cylinders  through  a  fine  clean 
cloth  and  be  sure  that  the  receptacles  used  in  handling  the  oil  are  clean. 

Take  every  precaution  to  keep  the  interior  of  the  cylinders  clean 
and  to  prevent  the  entrance  of  foreign  particles. 

In  assembling  the  gland  be  sure  that  at  least  four  threads  of  the 
gland  are  engaged  with  the  threads  of  the  cylinder  head. 

Lash  parts  with  copper  wire  to  prevent  unscrewing. 

Close  down  the  ends  of  the  recoil-indicator  guide  to  avoid  loss 
of  the  indicator. 

Prevent  possible  injury  to  cannoneers  by  causing  them  to  stand 
clear  of  the  counter-recoil  spring  column  in  assembling  or  dismounting. 
Remove  cylinder-end  stud  screw  before  trying  to  unscrew  cylin- 
der-end stud. 

(b)  Gtm. 

In  moving'  the  gun  on  or  off  the  cradle,  provide  ample  support  for 
the  breech  end,  so  that  the  gun  clips  are' in  prolongation  of  the  cradle 
guides ;  if  this  is  not  done,  the  cradle  guides  may  be  ruined. 

71 


(c)  Elevating  and  Traversing  Mechanism* 

If  the  gun  will  not  remain  at  the  elevation  at  which  set,  the  crank 
shafts  are  probably  not  correctly  assembled. 

If  the  elevating  screws  do  not  house  in  traveling,  they  are  incor- 
rectly assembled. 

(d)  Sights  and  Quadrant. 

Frequently  verify  the  adjustment  of  sights  and  quadrant. 
Require  special  care  in  handling  sights. 

Do  not  permit  cannoneers  to  use  front  sight  as  a  handle  in  mount- 
ing- 
Be  sure  that  the  range  disk  of  the  quadrant  and  range  strip  of  the 
rear-sight  shank  are  graduated  for  the  particular  type  of  ammunition 
used  by  the  battery.    This  also  applies  to  the  fuze  setter. 

Care  of  Materiel 

i 

169.   (a)  Parts  of  the  Carriages* 

All  nuts  are  secured  by  split  pins,  which  should  be  replaced  and, 
properly  opened  when  nuts  are  screwed  home. 

Do  not  strike  any  metal  part  directly  with  a  hammer;  interpose 
a  buffer  of  wood  or  copper. 

All  working  and  bearing  surfaces  of  the  carriage  require  oiling ; 
those  not  directly  accessible  for  this  purpose  are  provided  with  oil  holes 
closed  by  spring  covers  or  handy  oilers. 

Do  not  permit  brake  levers  to  be  released  by  a  kick  or  blow. 

It  has  been  found  that  the  apron  hinges  occasionally  become 
broken,  and  that  the  apron-hinge  pins  are  frequently  lost.  Whenever 
this  happens  the  hinge  or  hinge  pins  should  be  immediately  replaced, 
for  if  this  is  not  done  the  apron,  which  is  very  expensive,  is  apt  to 
become  cracked  or  broken. 

Whenever  the  lunettes  become,  loosened  the  lunette  nuts  should 
at  once  be  tightened. 

(b)  Wheels* 

Keep  hub  bolts  and  hub  bands  properly  tightened. 

To  tighten  the  hub  bands,  screw  them  as  tightly  as  possible  with 
the  wrench  and  then  force  them  farther  by  striking  the  end  of  the 
wrench  with  a  hammer. 

All  wheels  and  pintle  bearings  should  be  frequently  oiled. 

(c)  Inspections* 

Battery  commanders  should  frequently  make  a  detailed  inspec- 
tion of  all  the  vehicles  in  the  battery  to  see  if  any  parts  of  them  are 
broken  and  any  nuts,  screws,  split  pins,  etc.,  are  missing.  If  any  such 

72 


defects  are  found  they  should  immediately  take  steps  to  replace  broken 
or  missing  parts.  At  these  inspections,  the  materiel  should  also  be  ex- 
amined to  ascertain  whether  the  cleaning  schedules  (Pars.  203  to  221) 
have  been  properly  carried  out.  Compliance  with  these  instructions 
will  do  much  toward  prolonging  the  life  of  the  carriages. 

Firing,  Precautions  and  Preparation  for 

170.  Before   firing,   inspect   to   insure   that   cylinders   are   properly 
closed  and  that  the  cylinder-end  stud  nut  and  the  piston-rod  nut  are  in 
place. 

If  time  permits,  oil  slides  before  firing. 

Note  length  of  recoil  for  first  few  shots  to  be  sure  that  the  recoil 
mechanism  is  working  properly.  There  is  no  danger  as  long  as  recoil 
does  not  exceed  46  in.  Therefore,  for  first  shot  always  set  r.ecoil  indi- 
cator for  about  42. 

If  the  gun  fails  to  return  fully  into  battery,  it  is  probably  due  (1) 
to  dirt  on  slides  and  guides ;  (2)  to  cutting  of  sliding  surfaces  on  ac- 
count of  dirt  and  lack  of  oil ;  (3)  to  gland  being  screwed  up  too  tightly ; 
(4)  to  dirt  or  foreign  particles  in  the  cylinder,  and  especially  in  the 
counter-recoil  buffer  recess;  (5)  to  weakness  of  springs.  Ninety  per 
cent  of  such  cases  will  be  found  due  to  (1),  (2),  or  (3). 

171.  Lock  the  cradle  to  the  trail  at  drill  and  in  traveling  to  avoid 
unnecessary  strain  upon  the  pointing  mechanism. 

After  unlimbering,  release  elevating  and  traversing  lock  before 
attempting  to  elevate  or  traverse  gun. 

THE  FIELD  ARTILLERY  HARNESS 
(Fig.  26) 

172.  Harness  is  issued  in  sets  for  lead  and  for  wheel  pair. 

For  instructions  concerning  the  adjustment  and  fitting  of  harness, 
see  paragraphs  226,  230,  233  and  416  to  420  inclusive,  Provisional  D. 
&S.-R.  F.  A.,  1916,  Vol.  1. 

173.  Steel  collars  are  made  in  the  following  sizes : — 2 A,  2B,  4 A,  5, 
5A,  5B,  6,  6A,  6B,  7,  7A,  7B,  and  8A.     The  A  and  B  shapes  have 
straighter  sides  than   those  numbered   5,   6  or  7.     The   B   shape   is 
straighter  than  the  A  shape. 

The  width  of  collars  is  adjusted  by  various  sizes  of  collar  pads 
and  pad  connections.  There  are  seven  sizes  of  each,  numbering  accord- 
ing to  size  from  No.  0  to  No.  6. 

73 


174.  Nomenclature  of  parts  of  the  Harness: — 


1-4  Backstrap  and  crupper 

Consisting  of  24—25 

1  Body  and  hip  straps  24 

2  Crupper  dock  25 

3  Loin  strap  26-33 

4  Trace  loops  27-15 
8-9  Breast  strap  18 
2—7  Breeching                                                     29 

Consisting  of  42 

5  Backstrap    (1)    and   hip          30-43-44 

straps  (4)  31 

6  Body  32 

2  Crupper  dock  33 

3  Loin  strap  34 

7  Side  straps  35 

4  Trace  loops  36 
10—19  Bridle,  consisting  of — 

10  Brow-band 

11  Brow-band  ornaments 

13  Crown  piece 
18       Co'upling  strap 

14  Snaffle  bit 
16       Reins 

45      Crown  piece  strap 

20  Collar,  steel 

21  Hame   tug  (apart  of  the  collar)        39 
40  Collar  strap 

22—23  Halter,  consisting  of — 

22  Headstall  41 


37 


38 


Tie  rope 

Martingale,  consisting  of — 
Martingale 
Cincha  strap 
Saddle,  consisting  of — 

Cinchas 

Lead-rein  roller  and  strap 

Quarter  straps 

Cincha  strap 

Coat  straps 

Saddletree,  leather-covered 

Stirrups  (nickel  steel) 

Stirrup  straps 

Saddlebags,  pairs 

Saddlebag  side  straps 
Traces,  lead,  consisting  of — 

trace 

chain 

toggle 
Traces,  wheel,  consisting  of — 

trace 

chains 

toggles 
Mogul  spring 

with  strap  and  lopp 
Trace  chains 
Whip 

Sweat  leathers 
Blanket 


CARE  AND  CLEANING  OF  HARNESS,  SADDLE  AND 
LEATHER  EQUIPMENT 

175.  Under  the  conditions  of  service  when  the  harness,  saddle  and 
other  leather  equipments  are  constantly  exposed  to  varying  conditions 
of  weather  and  because  of  the  value  of  the  equipment  involved  and  its 
rapid  deterioration  under  neglect,  constant  and  conscientious  care  is 
essential  to  insure  its  long  life  and  serviceability. 

MATERIALS. 

176".  Two  agents  are  essential  to  the  proper  care  of  leather  equip- 
ment— a  cleaning  agent  and  an  oiling  agent.  The  cleaning  agent  is 
castile  soap;  the  oiling  agents  are  Neat's-foot  oil,  and  harness  soap. 

177.  The  castile  soap  is  a  commercial  article  containing  about  3  per 
cent  of  lye,  which  is  necessary  to  give  it  the  required  cleaning  power. 
Its  action  however  is  merely  to  free  the  leather  from  dirt,  sweat,  and 
other  matter  which  normally  accumulates  in  the  surface  pores  of  the 
leather. 

178.  The  Neat's-foot  oil,  which  has  been  found  by  long  experience  to 
be  the  most  satisfactory  for  this  purpose,  penetrates  the  pores  and  satti- 

74 


CM 

• 

bo 


I 


1! 

If 


rates  the  fibres,  making  them  pliable  and  elastic.  Dry  leather  is  brittle ; 
leather  oiled  excessively  will  soil  the  clothing  and  accumulate  dirt. 
The  condition  to  be  desired  is  leather  saturated  with  sufficient  oil  to  be 
soft  and  pliable,  without  excess  sufficient  to  cause  it  to  exude.  All  ani- 
mal oils  and  fats,  and  most  vegetable  oils  may  also  be  used  with  good 
results.  Mineral  oils  should  never  be  used  for  this  purpose. 

179.  In  washing  with  an  alkaline  soap,  it  is  impossible  to  prevent 
the  removal  of  the  surface  oil.    This  leaves  the  surface  hard  and  dry 
and  liable  to  crack.    It  is  difficult  to  replace  this  surface  oil  by  a  direct 
application  without  applying  an  excess.     This  has  led  to  the  develop- 
ment of  various  saddle  or  harness  soaps  with  a  view  of  obtaining  a 
soft,  pleasing  finish.     Most  of  these  contain  more  or  less  neutral  oil, 
which  replaces  the  surface  oil  removed  in  washing.     Hollingshead's 
Saddle  Soap  contains  about  4^%  of  neutral  oil  and  is  now  issued  to 
the  service. 

ORDINARY  CLEANING. 
• 

180.  Daily,  or  as  often  as  used,  the  equipment  should  be  wiped  off 

with  a  cloth  slightly  dampened  in  water  merely  to  remove  mud,  dust, 
or  other  foreign  substances.  It  should  never  be  cleaned  by  immersing 
in  water  or  holding  under  a  hydrant.  This  daily  care  will  do  much  to 
maintain  the  appearance  of  the  equipment,  but  is"  however  insufficient 
of  itself  to  properly  preserve  it.  At  intervals  of  from  one  to  four 
weeks,  depending  upon  circumstances,  it  is  essential  that  the  equipment 
be  thoroughly  cleaned,  in  accordance  with  the  following  general  in- 
structions : 

CLEANING  WITH  SADDLE  OR  HARNESS  SOAP 

181.  (a)   Separate  all  parts,  unbuckle  straps,  remove  all  buckles, 
loops,  etc.,  where  possible. 

(b)  Wipe  off  all  surface  dust  and  mud  with  a  damp  (not  wet) 
sponge.  After  rinsing  out  the  sponge,  a  lather  is  made  by  moistening 
the  sponge  in  clear  water,  squeezing  it  out  nearly  dry,  and  rubbing  it 
vigorously  upon  castile  soap.  When  a  thick,  creamy  lather  is  obtained, 
thoroughly  clean  each  piece  of  the  equipment  without  neglecting  any 
portion.  Each  strap  should  be'  drawn  its  entire  length  through  the 
lathered  sponge  so  as  to  actually  remove  the  salt,  sweat,  and  dirt  from 
each  leather  piece. 

(c)  After  again  rinsing  the  sponge  make  a  thick  lather  with  the 
saddle  soap  as  described  above.  Go  over  each  separate  piece,  thor- 
oughly working  the  lather  well  into  every  part  of  the  equipment,  re- 
membering that  its  action  is  that  of  a  dressing. 

76 


(d)  After  the  leather  has  been  allowed  to  become  partially  dry,  it 
should  be  rubbed  vigorously  with  a  soft  cloth  to  give  it  the  neat, 
healthy  appearance  that  is  desired. 

OILING 

182.  If  the  leather  is  soft  and  pliable  nothing  further  is  required. 
From  time  to  time  it  will  be  found  necessary  however  to  apply  a  little 
oil.    It  is  not  practicable,  owing  to  different  conditions  of  climate  and 
service,  to  prescribe  definitely  the  frequency  of  oiling.   During  the  first 
few  months  of  use,  a  set  of  new  equipment  should  be  given  at  least 
two  applications  of  oil  per  month.    Thereafter,  it  is  entirely  a  matter 
of   judgment,  as   indicated  by   the  appearance  and  pliability   of   the 
leather.    Frequent,  light  applications  are  of  more  value  than  infrequent, 
heavy  applications. 

183.  Before  using,  perfectly  new  equipment  should  in  all  cases  be 
given  a  light  application  of  Neat's- f oot  oil ;  soap  is  unnecessary  because 
the  equipment  is  clean. 

184.  How  to  oil  leather  equipment* — The  quantity  of  oil  should 
rarely  exceed  a  coverful  of  the  individual  soap  box  (1  ounce  or  2  table* 
spoonfuls)  for  each  set  of  horse  equipment,  or  2  ounces  (4  tablespoon- 
fuls)  for  each  set  of  artillery  harness.    In  applying  the  oil  the  following 
general  instructions  should  govern : 

(a)  The  oil  should  be  applied  to  the  flesh  side  of  the  equipment 
where  practicable  when  the  leather  is  clean  and  still  damp  after  wash- 
ing (about  dry). 

(b)  The  oil  should  be  applied  with  an  oiled  rag  or  cotton  waste 
by  long,  light,  quick  strokes — light  strokes  that  the  pressure  applied  may 
not  squeeze  out  an  excess  of  oil,  quick  strokes  that  the  leather  may  not 
absorb  an  undue  amount  of  oil.     The  endeavor  should  be  made  to 
obtain  a  light,  even  distribution. 

(c)  After  applying  the  oil  the  leather  equipment  should  be  allowed 
to  stand  for  24  hours,  if  practicable,  in  a  warm,  dry  place.    It  should 
then  be  rubbed  with  a  dry  cloth  to  remove  any  unabsorbed  oil. 

185.  Reason  for  Oiling. — The  principles  promoting  the  instructions 
given  in  (a)  above  is  that  the  oil  penetrates  more  uniformly  when  ap- 
plied from  the  flesh  side,  while  if  the  leather  is  dry  it  will  absorb  the 
oil  like  blotting  paper,  preventing  proper  distribution.     The  presence 
of  moisture  which  tends  to  retard  the  penetration  of  the  oil  makes  it 
desirable  to  oil  the  leather  while  still  moist  from  washing.    The  more 
moist  the  leather  when  oiled  the  lighter  the  application  that  can  be 
given ;  all  equipment  should  be  moistened,  as  in  washing,  before  oiling. 

77 


186.  An  additional  reason  for  consistent  washing  and  oiling  lies  in 
the  fact  that  practically  all  leather  contains  at  least  one-tenth  of  1  per 
cent,  of  sulphuric  acid  acquired  as  a  normal  product  of  tannage.    This 
acid,  which  if  excessive  will  in  time  rot  the  leather,  is  neutralized  by 
the  alkali  of  the  castile  soap  and  to  a  less  degree  by  the  oil. 

187.  Cautions* — To  summarize  certain  particular  facts  with  a  view 
to  emphasizing  them  : — 

(a)  Keep  leather  clean. 

(b)  Keep  leather  pliable  by  frequent  light  applications  of  oil. 

(c)  Use  only  materials  furnished  by  the  Ordnance  Department. 
Shoe  polishes,  etc.,  are  almost  invariably  injurious. 

(d)  Dry  all   leather  wet   from   whatever   cause   in   the   shade. 
Never  in  the  sun  or  close  to  a  steam  radiator,  furnace,  or  boiler. 

(e)  Leather   should   habitually   be   stored   in   a   cool,   dry   place 
without  artificial  heat. 

CARE  OF  LEATHER  IN  THE  FIELD 

188.  In  active  campaign  or  on  the  march  little  protection  can  be 
given  equipment.    But  at  all  times  advantage  should  be  taken  of  such 
opportunities  as  the  situation  affords,  to  first  get  the  equipment  out  of 
the  mud  and  then  to  protect  it  from  rain,  dust,  and  heat.     This  is 
accomplished  by  arranging  the  harness  and  saddle  equipment  on  the 
pole  and  other  parts  of  the  carriage  as  prescribed  in  the  Drill  &  Service 
Regulations  for  F.  A.,  care  being  taken  that  no  part  of  the  equipment 
is  dragging  on  the  ground.    All  the  equipment  is  then  covered  by  the 
paulins  for  protection  from  the  elements.     Racks  may  be  improvised 
with  forked  sticks  and  crossbar  or  advantage  taken  of  a  neighboring 
fence. 

CARE  OF  LEATHER  IN  STORAGE 

189.  Leather  in  storage,  unlike  leather  in  service  which   receives 
constant   attention,   is   subjected   to   the   danger   of   becoming   either 
molded  or  too  dry.    It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  is  be  stored  in 
a  cool,  dry  place  without  artificial  heat.    Leather  in  storage  should  be 
examined  every  six  months.    Also,  when  leather  or  leather  equipment  is 
received,  it  should  be  unpacked  at  once  and  examined  for  mold  ancj 
dampness,   for   it   may  become   wet   in   transit   or   while  standing  on 
wharves  or  platforms. 

190.  If  mold  is  promptly  discovered  and  removed,  little  harm   is 
done,  but  if  allowed  to  remain  it  will  very  shortly  attack  the  leather 
and  render  it  unserviceable.     When,  therefore,  mold  or  dampness  is 

78 


discovered,  the  surface  should  be  immediately  cleaned  and  exposed  to 
the  air  to  dry  before  returning  to  storage. 

191.  Leather  equipment  in  storage  should  not  contain  as  much  oil 
as  equipment  in  use,  for  the  tendency  to  mold  is  increased  thereby,  but 
in  no  case  should  it  be  allowed  to  dry  out  entirely.     Should  examina- 
tion indicate  that  it  is  very  dry,  a  light  application  or  dubbing  of  oil 
should  be  given  in  accordance  with  the  general  instructions  for  oiling 
leather. 

192.  Leather  in  sides  has  been  dubbed  before  issue  and  usually  does 
not  require  redubbing  for  many  months.     Should  examination  show 
that  it  is  becoming  very  dry,  it  should  be  redubbed  as  described  in 
Ordnance  Pamphlet  No.  1965. 

CLEANING  BITS  AND  COLLARS 

193.  In  cleaning  such  things  as  bits  and  the  zinc-lined  metal  parts 
of  the  steel  collar,  no  more  force  should  be  used  than  it  necessary  to 
remove  such  dirt,  etc.,  as  may  have  collected,  which  should  first  be 
softened  by  oil  or  water  and  then  washed  with  a  sponge,  using  Lava- 
line   or   Gibson's   Soap   Polish.      In   no   case   should   emery   or   other 
abrasive  be  used.    Whenever  this  zinc  lining  is  worn  through,  this  fact 
should  be  at  once  reported  and  the  worn  collar  replaced  by  a  good 
collar,  otherwise  there  is  danger  of  abrasions  of  the  horse's  shoulder 
and  collar  galls. 

CARE  AND  CLEANING  OF  THE  AUTOMATIC  PISTOL 

194.  For  ordinary  cleaning  only  the  barrel  and  slide  need  be  dis- 
mounted.   The  receiver  should  not  be  disassembled  except  for  instruc- 
tion purposes  or  repairs  or  when  the  interior  of  the  receiver  has  been 
exposed  to  water. 

195.  In  cleaning:  the  barrel  of  the  automatic  pistol  after  firing,  pro- 
ceed as   follows :     Swab  out  the  bore  with  soda  solution  to  remove 
powder  fouling.    Remove  and  dry  with  a  couple  of  patches.    Examine 
to  see  that  no  patches  of  metal  fouling  are  in  evidence,  then  swab  out 
with   the   swabbing   solution — a   dilute   metal-fouling   solution.      (See 
Par.  157.)     The  amount  of  swabbing  required  with  the  swabbing  solu- 
tion can  be  determined  only  by  experience  assisted  by  the  color  of  the 
flannel  patches.    Normally  a  couple  of  minutes'  work  is  sufficient.    Dry 
thoroughly  and  oil  with  sperm,  slushing  or  cosmic  oil. 

The  proper  method  of  oiling  a  barrel  is  as  follows :  Wipe  the 
cleaning  rod  dry;  select  a  clean  patch  and  thoroughly  saturate  it  with 
sperm,  cosmic,  or  light  slushing  oil,  being  sure  that  the  oil  has  pene- 

79 


trated  the  patch;  insert  the  patch  from  the  breech  end,  scrub  the 
bore  with  the  patch,  finally  drawing  the  patch  smoothly  from  the 
muzzle  to  the  breech,  allowing  the  cleaning  rod  to  turn  with  the  rifling. 
The  bore  will  be  found  now  to  be  smooth  and  bright  so  that  any  sub- 
sequent rust  or  sweating  can  be  easily  detected  by  inspection. 

196.  The  principles  as  outlined  above  apply  equally  well  for  the  care 
of  the  barrel  of  the  sub-calibre  cartridge. 

NOTE. — For  nomenclature,  method  of  assembling  and  disassembling 
Automatic  Pistol,  see  Appendix  B. 


CARE  AND  CLEANING  OF  OTHER  METAL  EQUIPMENT 

197.  Non-corrosive  metal  parts  are  easily  cleaned,  but  it  is  neces- 
sary that  they  be  kept  clean,  for  non-corrosive  metal  is  affected  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent  by  various  agents  encountered  in  ordinary  ser- 
vice, such  as  salt  water,  fruit  acids,  etc.    Except  in  the  care  of  mess 
kits,  the  surfaces  should  be  given  a  light  coating  of  sperm  or  slushing 
oil.    Should  there  be  any  -evidence  of  corrosion,  the  surface  should  be 
immediately  and  thoroughly  cleaned.     Such  articles  as  the  canteen  and 
components  of  the  mess  outfit  should  be  kept  thoroughly  clean  and 
water  and  food  kept  in  them  no  longer  than  necessary. 

198.  Aluminum  should  be  cleaned  with  soap  and  water,  a  neutral 
or  slightly  alkaline  soap  (H.  &  H.)  being  used.     In  the  cleaning  of 
canteens  a  little  sand  can  be  used  to  advantage.     Particular  care  should 
be  taken  to  insure  that  canteens  are  properly  cleaned  after  they  have 
been  filled  with  coffee,  milk,  or  any  fluid  containing  organic  matter. 
The  white  nodules  which  occasionally  appear  in  canteens  which  have 
contained  hard  water  are  aluminum  hydrate;  the  gelatinous  film  is 
alumina,  and  both  are  harmless.     When  not  actually  in  use,  canteens 
should  habitually  be  emptied  to  dry  and  the  cap  left  off.     In  cleaning 
all  metal  equipment  the  best  rule  is  "scour,  scald,  scrub." 


CARE  AND  CLEANING  OF  SADDLE  BLANKETS 

199.  Saddle  Blankets  should  be  opened,  shaken,  aired  and  refolded 
every  week.  If  the  same  surfaces  and  folds  are  constantly  exposed 
to  wear,  the  blanket  will  soon  be  in  an  unserviceable  condition. 

Depending  upon  conditions  of  weather  and  service,  saddle  blan- 
kets should  be  washed  with  H.  &  H.  Soap,  aired  and  dried,  and  then 
refolded  about  once  or  twice  a  year. 

80 


CARE  AND  CLEANING  OF  CLOTH   (WEB)   EQUIPMENT 

200.  All  cloth,  canvas  or  web  equipment  should  be  well  brushed, 
frequently  with  a  stiff  bristle  brush.     A  dry  scrub  brush  may  also  be 
used.     During  ordinary  garrison  duty  it  should  rarely  be  necessary  to 
wash  the  equipment.     When  the  equipment  becomes  soiled  a  light  local 
washing  will  frequently  be  sufficient,  but  when  dirty  it  should  un- 
hesitatingly be  given  a  good  thorough  washing,  otherwise  it  may  become 
unsanitary  and  rot.     During  field  service  the  equipment  will  become 
soiled  much  more  rapidly.     Always  on  return  to  garrison  from  such 
service  and  as  opportunity  offers  in  the  field,   equipment  should  be 
thoroughly  washed. 

201.  Instructions  for  washing  cloth  equipment* — (a)    Preparation 
cf  soap  solution  with  H.  &  H.  soap  for  washing  the  cloth  equipment. 
The  most  economical  use  of  this  soap  is  to  make  a  solution  by  dissolv- 
ing one  cake  of  soap  in  nine  cups  of  hot  water.     One  cup  of  the  solu- 
tion is  sufficient  to  clean  approximately  two  square  yards  of  equipment. 

(b)  Brushing. — Brush  the  equipment  thoroughly  to   remove  all 
dust  and  mud  before  washing. 

(c)  Washing. — Spread  the  belt,  haversack,  etc.,  on  a  clean  board 
or  rock  and  apply  the  soap  solution  with  a  scrub  brush.     When  a  good 
lather  appears,  wash  off  with  clear  water.     In  the  case  of  a  bad  grease 
spot  the  direct  application  of  soap  to  the  brush  will  ordinarily  be  suffi- 
cient to  remove  it. 

(d)  Drying:     Always   dry   washed   equipment   in   the   shade. — 
The  bleaching  action  of  the  sun  on  all  damp  fabric  is  marked.     Like- 
wise on  the  return  from  a  march  in  the  rain,  dry  the  equipment  in  the 
shade  if  practicable. 

202.  At  the  arsenals  the  equipment  is  cleaned  by  immersion  in  gaso- 
line.    This  is  very  satisfactory,  but  it  is  impracticable  to  issue  gasoline 
to  troops. 

NOTE: — For  Cleaning  Schedule  of  Arms  Equipment  and  Equip- 
page,  see  Par.  210  to  221. 

CLEANING  SCHEDULE 
MATERIEL  AND  ACCESSORIES,  3-iNCH  GUN  BATTERY 

Daily  Cleaning  and  Duties 
203.     Before  leaving  Park: — 

1.  Unlock  boxes  and  chests  and  secure  them  with  snaps. 

2.  Oil  wheels,  brake  mechanisms  of  piece  and  caisson. 

3.  See  that  oiler  contains  enough  oil  for  the  day. 

4.  See  that  all  oil  holes  are  properly  closed,  that  hub  caps  are  tight, 
hub  latch  plungers  in  place,  and  that  the  carriages  are  in  every  way 
ready  for  service. 

81 


204.     After  returning  to  Park : — 

1.  Remove  from  carriages  all  dust,  excess  oil  and  mud ;  while  thus  en- 
gaged  look   sharply   for   missing   nuts   and   split   pins,   and    for    any 
broken  parts  or  parts  needing  adjustment. 

2.  Make  any  repairs  or  adjustments  found  necessary. 

J.  Clean  and  oil  bore  and  breech  recess ;  after  firing,  clean  with  sal  soda 
solution  prepared  by  the  chief  mechanic;  wipe  perfectly  dry  and 
then  oil. 

4.  Clean  and  lubricate  exposed  gears  and  teeth  of  mechanism. 

5.  If  necessary  clean  and  wipe  with  oily  waste  the  picks,  shovels,  axes 
and  hatchets ;  rearrange  paulins,  picket  ropes  and  other  accessories. 

6.  Do  any  special  cleaning  or  repairing  ordered  for  the  day  by  the  chief 
mechanic. 

7.  Lock  all  boxes  and  chests. 

8.  See  that  all  oil  holes  are  properly  closed  and  that  the  carriages  are 
left  in  complete  readiness  for  immediate  use. 


Special  Clean  in </ 
205.     List  A — (to  be  completed  at  least  once  every  week). 

Carriage  &  Wheels Washed  and  cleaned. 

Breech  Mechanism Disassembled,  cleaned  and  lubricated. 

then  assembled;  same,  immediately  after 
firing. 

Elevating  &  Traversing  Mechanism Cleaned  and  lubricated  without  dis- 
mounting. 

Rear  sight.  Quadrant  &  Fuze  Setters.  .Cleaned  and  lubricated  without  dis- 
mounting. 

Oil  Holes  of  Gun  Clips  &  Cradle  Pintle. Cleaned  out  and  filled  with  oil;  same. 

immediately  before  firing. 


206.     List  B — (to  be  completed  at  least  once  every  2  weeks). 

Gun  slides  &  Gun  clips Unscrew    cylinder    end-stud    nut,    slide 

gun  to  rear ;  clean  and  lubricate  gliding 
urfaces   on   slides   and   clips;   clean   oil 
holes. 

Cases  &   Boxes   for   Sights,   Quadrants, 
Observing     Instruments     and      Spare 

Parts     Cleaned  and  padding  examined   for  re- 
pairs. 

Sighting    apparatus Thoroughly  cleaned  and  examined. 

Leather  straps  and  Attachments  on  the 

Carriages     Cleaned  with  castile  and  saddle  soaps. 

Telephone  &  Signal  Equipment Overhauled,    examined    for   adjustments 

and  repairs. 

New    Wheels Tighten  carriage  and  hub  bolts,  and  hub 

i  cap. 

Cylinders,  recoil During  firing  season — clean  and  lubri- 
cate exterior.  At  other  times  oil  every 
month  with  slushing  oil. 

82 


00 


.-.'Or.     List  C — (to  be  completed  at  least  once  every  3  months). 

Rear  sight  &  Shank  Socket Disassembled,  cleaned  and  lubricated. 

Wheels  &  Wheel  Fasteners Dismount,  overhaul,  clean  and  lubricate. 

Cylinders,    recoil Empty   and   refill :    during   firing   season 

refill  whenever  recoil  registers  46  inches 
or  over,  or  shows  leakage. 

Counter   Recoil   Springs Disassemble,    clean;    examine    inside    of 

cradle  for  loose  rivets  and  condition  of 
spring  support ;  then  oil  and  assemble. 

Elevating  &  Traversing  Mechanism. ..  .Completely  dismounted;  cleaned,  lubri- 
cated, overhauled  and  assembled. 

Rear  Sight,  Quadrant  &  Fuze  Setters.  .Disassembled,    cleaned    and    overhauled, 

then  lubricated,  assembled  and  adjusted. 
Must  be  done  under  the  supervision  of 
an  officer. 

Panoramic    Sights Cleaned,  overhauled  and  adjusted  by  an 

officer.     For  instructions,  see  Par.  72. 

Pintle  Bearings  and  Lunette  Nuts Lubricated  and  tightened. 

Leather  straps  and  Attachments  on  the 

Carriages     Cleaned  with  castile  soap  and  oiled  with 

Neat's-foot   oil. 

Road    Brakes .Dismounted,  adjusted  and  lubricated. 

Tools  &  Accessories Dismounted,    overhauled,    repaired    and 

sharpened. 

Picket  Ropes,  Lanterns,  Paulins,  Water- 
ing  Buckets,   All    Canvas    Covers    for 

Parts  of  Materiel Removed,  examined  and  repaired,  clean- 
ed or  washed,  and  replaced.  All  canvas 
articles  to  be  replaced  in  a  dry  condition. 

Battery  Fire  Control  Equipment Examined  for  repairs  and  overhaul,  ad- 
justments made  by  an  officer. 

208.     List  D — (to  be  completed  at  least  once  every  6  months). 

All  Carriages  &  Wheels Overhauled  and  painted. 

Spare  Parts  in  Leather  Pouch Cleaned,  oiled  with  vaseline,  wrapped 

in  paper,  and  replaced  in  pouch. 

Cradle  Completely  dismounted ;  a)  cradle  pin- 
tle and  pintle  socket  cleaned  and  lubri- 
cated. 

b)  Contact  surfaces  between  cradle  and 
rocker  cleaned  and  lubricated; 

c)  Inside  of  cradle  examined  for  defec- 
tive   rivets,    etc.,    noting    condition    of 
spring  support  guides. 

Front    Sight Dismount     and     disassemble;     examine 

stops  and  cross  wire;  clean  and  oil. 

Wheels,  Hub  Caps  &  Bolts Overhauled,    examined    for    dish,    bolts 

tightened. 

Recoil  Cylinder,  Piston  Rod  &  Counter 

Recoil    Springs Completely     dismounted     and     disasem- 

bled ;  interior  parts  cleaned  and  assem- 
bled; cylinder  emptied  and  refilled;  ex- 
terior cylinder  cleaned  and  lubricated. 

Pole,    Double  &   Single   Trees   of   Lim- 
bers    Dismounted,  contact  surfaces,  bolts,  etc., 

greased  and  oiled,  then  replaced  with 
spare  pole.  Replace  old  ferrule. 

83 


Spare    Pole 


.Dismounted,  contact  surfaces,  bolts,  etc., 
greased  and  oiled,  then  replaced  with 
pole  of  limber. 


209.     List  E — (to  be  completed  at  least  once  every  6  months  under  the  direct 
supervision  of  the  Chief  Mechanic). 

Battery  &  Store  Wagons 

a)  Axles   &  Wheels   of   Battery  & 
Store   Wagons,   Forge  &   Store 

Limbers    '. . .  Disassemble,  clean,  lubricate  and  assemble 

b)  Spare  Wheels  &  their  Fastenings do 

c)  Brake  Mechanisms  of  Battery  & 

Store  Wagons do 

d)  Leather     Straps     of     Forge     & 

Store  Limbers do 

e)  Pintles  of  Forge  &  Store  Lim- 
bers       do 

f )  Forge    do 

g)  Grindstone,  Vise  and  Jackscrew do 

h)  Block  and  Tackle do 

i )  Spare  Breech   Mechanism do 

j )  Spare    Sights do.  except  panoramic  sight. 

k)  Carpenter's  chest  and  Tools Clean  and  overhaul. 

1)     Saddler's  chest  and  Tools do 

m)  Horseshoer's    Tools do 

n )    Chest   for  Cleaning  Material  & 

Small    Stores do 

o)  '  Chest    for   Miscellaneous    Spare 

Parts  do 

p)    Pistol  Cleaning  Kit do 

By  the  Supply  Sergeant 

q)   Examine  all  harness,  horse  equipments,  and  leather  in  storage  for  condition. 


210. 


211. 


212. 


CLEANING  SCHEDULE 
ARMS,  EQUIPMENT,  EQUIPAGE,  ETC. 

Articles  What  Done 

Automatic  Pistol  Clean  thoroughly  with  oily  rag  and 
lubricate  with  sperm,  slushing  or 
cosmic  oil.  Stock  may  be  oiled  and 
cleaned  with  raw  linseed  oil. 

Examined  and  overhauled ;   neces- 
sary repairs  made. 

Cleaned  and  scoured. 


Field  Service 
Uniform  and 
Clothing 

Meat  Can,  Tin 
Cup,  Knife,  Fork 
and  Spoon. 


?in.  Field  Kit 


Repaired,   overhauled   and   cleaned. 


84 


How   often 

Every  week  and 
immediately  after 
firing  or  exposure. 

Every  month. 


Every  2  months 
and  immediately 
after  use. 

Every  2  months 
and  immediately 
after  return  from 
field  service. 


214.  Surplus  Kit 


Overhauled,   repaired,   cleaned 
repacked  in  surplus  kit  bag. 


E  v  e  r  y  3  months 


215.  Curry  Comb  and 
Horse  Brush 

216.  Farrier's    Pocket 
Case 

217.  Pistol    Holster 
Leather  Belts  and 
straps,      Spur 
straps,     Saddle 
Bags,     Leather 
Equipment,   etc. 


218.  Haversacks, 
Shelter  halves, 
Field  belts,  First 
Aid    Pouch,    All 
cloth  or  web 
equipment. 

219.  Canteens 


320.  Tentage 


221.  Field  Range, 
Field  Cooking 
Utensils 


Washed     and     cleaned;     teeth     of     Every  3  months, 
comb  straightened. 


Examined    for   repairs,   overhauled 
and  cleaned  (by  stable  sergeant). 

Clean  with  castile  soap,  polish  with 
leather  dressing  supplied. 
Clean  with  castile  soap,  oil  with 
Neat's-foot  oil ;  touch  up  all 
buckles,  rings  and  metal  parts 
wherever  necessary  with  Brown 
enamel  primer. 

Washed  with  H.  &  H.  soap  and  re- 
marked. 


Covers  scrubbed,  and  remarked ; 
interior  cleaned  and  sterilized  with 
sand  and  boiling  water. 

Pitched  in  the  sun;  examined  for 
tears,  holes  and  leaks,  also  condi- 
tion of  ropes ;  darned,  repaired  and 
overhauled. 

Equipment  set  up.  fires  built, 
cleaned  and  then  assembled  for 
storage. 


Every  3  months. 


Ever}'  2  months. 
Every  6  months. 


Every  6  months. 


Every  6  months 
and  after  return 
from  -field  service. 

Every  6  months 
and     immediately 
after  use   and  be- 
fore being  stored. 

Every  6  months 
and     immediately 
after   use   and  be- 
fore being  stored. 


85 


APPENDIX   A 

OBSERVATION  TOWER,  MODEL  OF  1916 
(Fig.  27) 

The  Observation  Tower  consists  of  two  sections  of  ladder  which 
slide  upon  each  other  like  an  ordinary  extension  ladder.  The  ladder 
may  be  mounted  upon  any  3-inch  caisson  by  making  the  following 
changes : — 

(a)  Drill  a  few  holes  through  the  caisson  foot  rest. 

(b)  Substitute  four  longer  3-16  inch  rivets  near  the  caisson  door 
hinges. 

(c)  Assemble  the  caisson  jack,  front  support  and  various  other 
fastening  devices. 

Operation 

(a)  Unlimber    caisson,    uncoil    ropes,    disengage    top    shield    strap, 
loosen  caisson  jack  and  lower  to  the  ground,  swing  top  shield  up  into 
the  plane  of  the  main  shield  and  lock  with  locking  handles  and  links. 
Then   disengage   the   hook   of    the   front   support,    release   the   drum 
catches,  unwind  the  upper  guys  and  carry  them  out  to  the  sides  and 
rear. 

(b)  Operators  1  and  2,  by  means  of  the  lifting  bars,  raise  the  ladders 
and  shield  clear  of  the  chest.     Operators  3  and  4  take  the  shield  sec- 
tion rope  and  pull  until  the  shield  section  dogs  are  brought  far  enough 
above  the  rungs  of  the  upper  section  to  disengage.     The  shield  section 
is  then  allowed  to  slide  forward  and  down  to  the  lower  end  of  the 
upper   section,   where   its   weight   is   more   advantageous   in   the   suc- 
ceeding movements. 

(c)  Nos.  1  and  2  now  lower  the  ladders  until  they  rest  on  the  guards 
over  the  chest  hinges,  and  by  pulling  back  assist  Nos.  3  and  4  to  swing 
up  the  base  section  to  contact  with  the  chest  front,  in  which  position  it 
is  secured  by  attaching  the  lower  guys  to  the  hooks  at  the  hand  rail 
brackets.     The  shield  section  is  here  prevented  from  sliding  down  by 
the  safety  catches.     (2,  Fig.  27.) 

(d)  With  Nos.  1  and  2  standing  on  the  chest,  Nos.  3  and  4  assisting, 
the  ladders  are  revolved  about  the  trunnions  to  an  upright  position  and 
fastened  by  the  locking  handles,  the  seat  is  released  from  the  folded 
position  and  the  B.C.  telescope  is  mounted.     (3,  Fig.  27.) 

(e)  The  upper  section  may  now  be  raised  to  the  desired  height,  the 
picket  pins  driven,  and  the  guy  ropes  and  caisson  jack  tightened,  after 
which  the  shield  section  is  raised  and  the  tower  is  ready  for  the  ob- 
server.    (4,  Fig.  27.) 

The  lowering  of  the  tower  is  in  general  performed  in  the  reverse 
manner.  The  tower  should  always  be  lowered  to  the  traveling  position 
before  moving  out.  87 


APPENDIX  B 
NOTES  ON  THE  AUTOMATIC  PISTOL,  CAL.  45,  MODEL  1911 

The  pistol  is  known  as  the  Automatic  Pistol,  Cal.  45,  Model  1911. 
By  Caliber  is  meant  the  diameter  of  the  bore.  All  pistols  used  in  the 
service  are  marked  on  the  left  side  of  the  receiver,  "United  States 
property,"  and  on  the  right  side  with  the  serial  number,  which  must 
be  memorized  by  the  person  to  whom  the  pistol  is  issued. 

It  is  important  that  every  man  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
nomenclature,  care  and  repair,  method  of  assembling  and  dismounting 
the  pistol  as  well  as  its  use  and  operation. 

The  principal  parts  of  the  pistol  are  the  receiver,  the  barrel  and  the 
slide.  The  nomenclature  of  the  pistol  is  given  in  Fig.  28. 

To  dismount  and  to  assemble  the  pistol* — Press  the  magazine  catch 
and  remove  the  magazine.  Press  the  plug  inward,  turn  the  barrel 
bushing  to  the  right  and  by  easing  off  on  the  spring  let  the  plug  and 
spring  protrude  gradually.  Draw  the  slide  to  the  rear  until  the  small 
recess  is  opposite  the  thumb  piece  of  the  slide  stop.  Press  gently 
against  the  end  of  the  pin  of  the  slide  stop  on  the  opposite  side  and 
remove  the  slide  stop.  This  releases  the  link  and  allows  the  barrel  and 
the  slide  with  all  its  parts  to  be  slid  forward  off  the  guide  rails  of  the 
receiver. 

To  disassemble  the  slide :  Remove  the  plug  by  turning  it  to  the 
left  and  withdraw  the  recoil  spring  with  its  guide  from  the  rear;  or 
remove  the  recoil  spring  guide  and  withdraw  the  recoil  spring  with  its 
plug  from  the  front.  Turn  the  barrel  bushing  to  the  left  and  with- 
draw it  forward  from  the  slide.  The  barrel  may  now  be  withdrawn 
from  the  slide.  To  remove  the  firing  pin,  press  the  rear  end  of  the 
pin  forward  until  it  clears  the  firing  pin  stop.  Then  withdraw  the 
stop  downward  from  its  seat,  whereupon  the  firing  pin,  the  firing  pin 
spring  and  the  extractor  are  removed  by  withdrawing  them  to  the  rear. 

For  ordinary  cleaning,  no  further  dismounting  will  be  found  neces- 
sary, and  no  disassembling  of  the  receiver  should  be  permitted  except 
by  the  permission  of  an  officer.  When  the  interior  of  the  pistol  has 
been  exposed  to  water,  or  when  it  is  desired  to  make  repairs,  the 
receiver  may  be  completely  dismounted  as  follows : 

Cock  the  hammer,  move  the  safety  lock  to  a  position  half  way  be- 
tween its  upper  and  lower  positions.  Press  the  end  of  the  safety-lock 
pin  on  the  opposite  side  and  withdraw  the  safety  lock.  Now  lower  the 
hammer  by  pressing  the  trigger.  Push  out  the  hammer  pin  and  take 
out  the  hammer  and  strut.  Next  push  out  the  housing  pin.  This 


may  require  a  little  extra  pressure.  It  is  the  only  pin  pushed  out  by 
pressure  from  the  left  side  of  the  receiver.  The  mainspring  housing 
may  then  be  withdrawn  downward  and  the  grip  safety  withdrawn  to 
the  rear.  This  exposes  the  sear  spring,  which  is  easily  removed.  By 
pushing  out  the  sear  pin,  the  sear  and  the  disconnector  are  released. 

The  main-spring  housing  is  disassembled  by  compressing  the  main 
spring,  pushing  out  the  small  main-spring  cap  pin,  whereupon  the 
main-spring  cap,  the  main  spring  and  the  housing  pin  retainer  will 
come  out.  The  main  spring  may  be  easily  compressed  by  using  the 
pin  of  the  slide  stop. 

To  remove  the  magazine  catch,  press  the  button  inward.  By  means 
of  a  small  screw  driver  or  the  short  leaf  of  the  sear  spring,  give  the 
screw  head  of  the  magazine  catch  lock  a  quarter  turn  to  the  left  and 
remove  the  magazine  catch.  The  trigger  can  then  be  withdrawn  to 
the  rear. 

The  hammer  strut,  a  small  nail  or  the  long  arm  of  the  screw  driver 
may  be  used  to  push  out  all  pins  except  the  main  spring  cap  pin  and 
the  ejector  pin.  To  remove  these  a  tack  or  pin  may  be  found  neces- 
sary. 

To  assemble  the  pistol  proceed  in  the  reverse  order,  except  that  the 
main  spring  housing  should  be  left  to  project  about  one-eighth  inch. 
Do  not  push  the  main-spring  housing  home  and  insert  the  housing  pin 
until  after  the  safety  lock  is  replaced  and  the  hammer  lowered. 

The  Operation  of  the  Pistol, — The  act  of  drawing  back  the  slide  in 
loading  cocks  the  hammer,  compresses  the  recoil  spring,  permitting 
the  magazine  follower  to  raise  the  upper  cartridge  into  the  path  of  the 
slide.  Upon  releasing  the  slide,  the  recoil  spring  forces  the  slide  for- 
ward, carrying  the  first  cartridge  into  the  chamber  of  the  barrel.  As 
the  slide  approaches  its  forward  position,  it  encounters  the  rear  end 
of  the  barrel,  forcing  the  latter  forward.  Since  the  front  of  the  barrel 
pivots  in  the  barrel  bushing  and  the  rear  end  is  free  to  swing  upward 
on  the  link,  the  rear  end  of  the  barrel  is  raised,  causing  the  locking  ribs 
on  the  outside  of  the  barrel  and  the  inside  of  the  slide  to  engage,  thus 
positively  locking  the  barrel  and  the  slide  together.  The  joint  forward 
movement  of  the  barrel  and  the  slide  (about  three-eighths  of  an  inch), 
ic  stopped  when  the  barrel  lug  encounters  the  pin  of  the  slide  stop. 

The  pistol  is  then  ready  for  firing.  When  the  hammer  is  cocked. 
the  hammer  strut  moves  downward,  compressing  the  main  spring. 
The  sear,  under  the  action  of  the  long  leaf  of  the  sear  spring,  engages 
its  nose  in  the  notch  of  the  hammer.  Upon  pulling  the  trigger  and 
pressing  on  the  grip  safety,  the  sear  is  moved  thus  releasing  the  ham- 

90 


r.ier.  The  latter  then  strikes  the  firing  pin  which  transmits  the  blow  to 
the  primer  of  the  cartridge.  The  explosion  of  the  cartridge  generates 
the  necessary  gas  pressure  to  force  the  bullet  through  the  barrel,  the 
initial  muzzle  velocity  being  about  800  ft.  per  second.  The  pressure 
exerted  to  the  rear  against  the  face  of  the  slide  carries  the  latter  and 
the  barrel  to  the  rear  together.  But  due  to  the  link  attachment,  the 
barrel  is  almost  immediately  swung  down  and  unlocked  from  the  slide, 
leaving  the  slide  to  continue  its  movement  to  the  rear,  thus  opening  the 
breech,  cocking  the  hammer,  extracting  and  ejecting  the  empty  cart- 
ridge and  compressing  the  recoil  spring.  When  the  slide  reaches  its 
rearmost  position  the  magazine  follower  raises  another  cartridge  into 
the  path  of  the  slide.  This  cartridge  is  then  forced  into  the  barrel  by 
the  forward  movement  of  the  slide  as  before  described. 

Although  it  might  be  supposed  that  the  downward  swinging  of  the 
barrel  would  affect  the  accuracy  of  the  fire,  this  is  not  the  case.  The 
bullet  has  gained  its  maximum  velocity  and  passed  out  of  the  muzzle 
before  the  unlocking  movement  between  the  barrel  and  slide  com- 
mences. 

When  the  magazine  has  been  emptied  the  magazine  follower  is  free 
to  press  against  the  projection  on  the  slide  stop,  thus  forcing  the  slide 
stop  into  the  front  recess  of  the  slide,  thereby  locking  the  slide  in  the 
e«pen  position  and  reminding  the  person  firing  that  the  empty  maga- 
zine must  be  replaced  before  firing  can  be  continued. 

Interesting  Facts  about  the  Pistol 

(a)  Weight.  2l/2  pounds.    Trigger  pull,  about  7  pounds. 

(b)  Rifling,  6  grooves  with  left-hand  twist.     The  drift  due  to  the 
rifling  is  therefore  to  the  left,  but  this  is  more  than  neutralized  by  the 
pull  of  the  trigger  when  the  pistol  is  fired  from  the  right  hand. 

(c)  For  ranges  up  to  75  yards  the  trajectory  is  very  flat  and  the 
drift  slight,  giving  the  pistol  great  accuracy. 

(d)  Beyond  250  yards  the  trajectory  is  very  curved  and  the  drift 
becomes  considerable.     Firing  is  therefore  very  inaccurate. 

(e)  To  hit  a  target  at  ranges  over  75  yards  it  will  be  necessary  to 
lay  on  a  displaced  point  above  and  to  the  right  of  target  for  ranges 
approximately  as  follows  : 

r>             v  ,                          Vertical  Lateral 

™ge'  Displacement.              Displacement,    right. 

100  y2  yard  T4  yard 

150  IK  yards  V2  yard 

200  3      yards  1      yard 

250  5      yards  2      yards 

91 


(f)  The  striking  energy  of  the  bullet  is  sufficiently  great  to  surely 
disable  a  man  by  causing  a  dangerous  wound  at  all  ranges  up  to  500 
yards. 

(g)  The  pistol  has  been  fired  by  experts  at  25  yards,  aimed  fire,  at 
the  rate  of  21  shots  (3  magazines)   in  30  seconds.     Such  rapidity  is, 
however,  not  necessary  or  desirable   in   service  firing.     Accuracy  is 
always  the  first  consideration. 

Precautions 

1.  Whenever  the  pistol  is  taken  out  of  or  returned  to  the  arm  rack, 
also  both  before  and  after  drill   or  other  exercise   with   the  pistol, 
remove  the  magazine  and  see  that  it  is  empty.     Then  draw  back  the 
slide  which   will  eject  any  cartridge  in  the  chamber.     Finally  look 
through  the  bore  to  see  that  the  pistol  is  unloaded  and  the  bore  not 
obstructed  by  a  plug  or  wad.     Replace  all  parts,  come  to  raise  pistol 
and  lower  hammer. 

2.  Never  place  the  trigger  finger  within  the  trigger  guard  until  it  is 
intended  to  fire  and  the  pistol  is  pointed  toward  the  target. 

3.  Do  not  carry  the  pistol  in  the  holster  with  the  hammer  cocked  and 
the  safety  lock  on,  except  in  an  emergency. 

4.  Always  press  the  trigger  with  the  forefinger. 

5.  After  each  shot  relieve  the  pressure  on  the  trigger  so  that  the  sear 
may  re-engage. 

6.  When  inserting  the  magazine  be  sure  that  it  engages  the  maga- 
zine catch.     Never  insert  the  magazine  by  striking  it  smartly ;  -always 
apply  a  continuous  push. 

7.  The  pistol  must  be  kept  clean,  free  from  rust  and  properly  oiled. 

8.  Never  disassemble  the  receiver  except  by  permission  of  an  officer. 

9.  In  disassembling  the  receiver  be  sure  that  (a)  the  disconnector 
and  sear  are  properly  assembled. 

(b)  that  the  hammer  is  not  snapped  when  the  pistol  is  partially  as- 
sembled. 

(c)  that  the  stocks  are  not  removed. 

(d)  that  no  hammer  is  used  either  in  assembling  or  disassembling. 


92 


INDEX 

Par. 

Accessories  and  Tools 124—134,  207 

Adjustment  of  Sights  and  quadrant 75—80,  207 

Aiming  Circle,  adjustment  of   83,  91,  92 

care  of 63-65,  87-90 

description    86 

use  of .-••••; 87~90 

Aluminum  Equipment,  care  and  cleaning  of  198 

Ammunition,  blank,  preparation  of  117,  118 

precautions     123 

Ammunition,  fixed    105—116 

precaution  in  use  of  122 

marking    of    ' 106 

Ammunition  carrier    13,  16 

Ammunition  carrier,  to  remove  61 

Apron,  for  caisson 32-34 

Apron  latch,  to  remove  •. 61 

for  caisson    34 

for  gun   carriage    26 

Automatic  pistol,  care  and  cleaning  of  194,  195,  208,  210,  217 

Axes     130 

Axle,  for  caisson   % .  34 

for  gun  carriage  13,  14,  26 

for  limber   27,  30 

Axle  seats   13,  26 

to  remove   ! 61 

i 

Battery  Wagon,  care  of    201 

B.  C.  Telescope,  adjustment 83,  91,  92 

care  of  63-65,  83-85 

description    81,  82 

use  of    83—85 

Belts,  field  (web),  care  of  200,  218 

Bits,  care  of    193 

Blacksmith's  Tools    209 

Block  and  Tackle    209 

Blankets,  horse,  care  of  199 

Block  carrier,  for  M  '05  gun 10 

Borax     146 

Brake,  to  adj  ust  56 

to  assemble     61 

to  remove 61 

Brake  beam,  to  dismount    61 

Brake  lever,  to  dismount    61 

Brake  shoe,   to   dismount    61 

Breech  block,  M  '05   9 

Breech  mechanism,  to  clean    127,  162,  205 

description    11 

nomenclature     12 

action  of   10 

to  dismantle  and  assemble   35 

Breech  mechanism,  spare    209 

Brown  enamel  primer    152 

Bucket  holder   28 

Buckets,  canvas 131,  207 

Caisson,  description  31,  32 

nomenclature  34 

weights  and  dimensions  cc 

Canteens 219 

93 


Canvas  buckets 131,  20? 

Carpenter's  chest  and  tools  209 

Care  and  preservation  of  material  135—171 

general   instructions    168—171 

Carriage,  gun,  action  of    , 24 

description   of    23 

nomenclature    26 

principal    parts    13 

weights  and  dimensions 25 

Carriage,  parts  of,  care  in  assembling  and  disassembling  168-17  L- 

care  of,  and  cleaning   205 

painting    207 

Cartridge  case,  fixed   ammunition    lor. 

Cartridge  case,  blank  ammunition,  care  of  120,  121 

Cartridge  holes,  in  limber  and  caisson   28 

Cases,  sights  and  quadrant 206 

Chest  body,  for  caisson  32 

for    limber    28 

Chest  for.  cleaning  materials  and  small  stores 200 

spare   sights    209 

miscellaneous  spare  parts    . . " 209 

Cleaning  leather  equipment   175—192 

Cleaning  and  care  of  materiel   158—167 

Cleaning  material  for  field  artillery  136—157 

Cleaning  Schedule,  for  F.  A.  materiel  and  accessories  203—209 

ior  Arms,  equipments  and  equipage  210—221 

daily     203,  204 

special    205-209 

Clock  oil 140 

Cloth   (web)   equipment ' 200—202 

Clothing,   field   service    ! 211 

Coal  oil    28,  143 

Collars,  steel    1.7?, 

cleaning  and  care  of     19.') 

Cooking  utensils,  field '221 

Counter-recoil  buffer  20,  21 

to  remove   46 

Counter-recoil  springs,  to  clean    164,  206,  208 

Counter-recoil  springs,  double    20—22 

to  assemble     48,  49,  168 

to  dismount    47,  49,  168 

Counter-recoil  springs,  single 20—22 

to  assemble    49,  168 

to  dismount    47,  49,  168 

Cradle,  care  of    208 

complete,  description    18—23 

contents    19 

to  assemble 168 

to  dismount     60,  168 

Cradle  head,  front  21 

rear    19 

Cradle  mechanism,  action  during  firing 24 

Cradle  pintle    18 

Curry  comb    215 

Cylinder,  to  assemble   41,  42,  168 

care  and  cleaning 42,  206,  208 

to  disassemble  and  clean   1 5H 

description    20 

to  dismount     40,  168 

to  fill    TStt 

to  empty    1  ''><) 

Cylinder  end  stud  and  nut  19.  49 

Cylinder  oil,  to  clean    161 

94 


Dismounting  and  assembling  parts  of  mechanism 35— (51 

Double  tree    208 

Dust  guard  0  ' 

Elevating  bevel  gear,  to  dismount  53 

Elevating  bevel  pinion,  to  dismount 53 

Elevating  gear  bracket,  to  dismount  54 

Elevating  mechanism  and  gear,  description    '10 

to  assemble    55,  168 

to  clean    165,  205-208 

Elevating  screws,  to  dismount   52,  168 

Elevating  screw  cover    52 

'Engine  Oil  No.  1  139 

Farrier's  pocket  case 21("> 

Field  Glasses,  care  of   63-65,  102 

Field  Kit 213 

Field  Range     221 

Fire  Control  equipment  207 

Firing,  precautions  during   170 

Firing-lock  case    11 

Firing  mechanism,  M.  '05  nomenclature 12 

to  dismantle  and  to  assemble   36 

action  of 11 

First  aid  pouch   21? 

Forge    ". 209 

Forge  limber 209 

Fork     211 

Fuzes,   kinds    114-116 

safety  of 122 

Fuze,  base    detonating    116 

Fuze,  Ehrhardt  combination  for  high  explosive  shrapnel   115 

Fuze,  F.  A.  combination,  M.  '07  114 

Fuze  setter,  bracket,  M.  '05  103 

Fuze  setter,  hand,  M.  '12   104 

Fuze  setters,  care   of    207 

Gland,  adjustment  of  43,  44 

location    20 

Glasses,  Field,  care  of 63-65,  102 

Grip  straps   28 

Grindstone 209 

Guide  rails,  to  clean  165,  205 

Gun  clips,  to  clean 205 

Gun.   M.  '05,  description    6 

nomenclature 8 

to  clean  the  bore 162 

to  dismount     38,  169 

to  mount    39,  168 

weights  and  dimensions  7 

Gun  slides,  location   8 

to  clean    165,  205 

Hammers,  use  of   128 

Handspike,  trail   15 

Harness,  list  of 172-174 

F.  A.  nomenclature   174 

care  and  cleaning  of  175—188 

storage  of 189-192 

Hatchets,  care  of  130 

Haversacks   218 

Horse  brush 2 1  ."> 

Horseshoer's  tools  209 

Hub  cap,  to  remove   :>7 

95 


Hub  liner,  to  remove   59 

Hydroline,  use  of   28,  138 

to  clean   161 

Instructions,  care  of  materiel,  general  168—171 

care  of  harness  and  leather  equipment  175—192 

care  of  automatic  pistol,  sub-calibre  cartridge,  etc 194—196 

'  care  of  other  metal  equipment   197,  198 

care  of  blankets,  and  cloth  equipment  199—202 

Jack  screw   209 

Knife    2)2 

Lanterns  132,  207 

Lavaline    x. 147 

Leather  equipment,    care   of    175—192 

Leather,  russet,  care  of    175—192 

Leather,  reasons  for  oiling   182—186 

Leather  and  leather  equipment,  storage  of    189—192 

Leather  straps,   care   of    200,  208,  217 

Light  slushing  oil   145 

Limber,   description    27,  28 

nomenclature 30 

weights  and   dimensions    29 

Lunette     15,  32 

care  of    208 

Lubricating    oil    28,  139 

Lye     148 

Materiel,  cleaning  and  preserving   136—157 

Materiel,  detailed  information  in  other  pamphlets   •"> 

General  information  for  care  and  maintenance  of 168—171 

Instruction  in,  object  of    1,  4 

Metal  equipment,  care  of  197,  198 

Meat  can,  care  of  212 

Misfires  and  hangfires 122 

Napthalene     149 

Neat's   foot  oil    144,  176,  178 

Observing  Instruments  and  Sights,  general  instructions  6.'J— 65 

disassembling,  instructions  66 

list  of 62 

Oils  for  artillery  materiel,  and  their  use 136—145 

Hydroline  138 

Lubricating  139 

Clock  140 

Vaseline  141 

Sperm  142 

Engine,  No.  1  1  :Ji» 

Coal  143 

Neat's  foot  144,  176,  178 

Light  slushing  105 

Oil  holes,  cleaned    205 

Paint,    rubberine    •  •  •   1^1 

Painting  artillery  materiel    '-('^ 

Panoramic  sight  M.  '15   71,  72,  74 

care   of 72,  74,  207 

adjustment    of     78 

Paulins    28,  32,  133 

Picket  ropes    134,  207 

Picks    1-" 

96 


Pick    mattocks    130 

Pintles     27;  32,  207 

Piston  rod  and  head  21 

care  of    207,  208 

to    remove    45 

Piston  rod  nut   21 

Pliers,   wire   cutting    129 

Pistol,    automatic     194,  195,  208-210 

cleaning  kit   209 

holster,   cleaning  of    217 

Pole,  qire  of   208 

to  remove  and  to  replace 50 

Pole  spare,  care  of  208 

to  remove  and  to  replace 50 

Polish,  Gibson's  soap   150 

Pouch,  for  spare  parts   12G 

Powder  charge  108 

Precautions,  with  materiel  170,  171 

With  fixed    ammunition    122 

With  blank  ammunition    123 

Primer,  brown   enamel   paint    152 

Primer,  110  grain  percussion   ^  . .   107 

Projectiles,   description  of    105,  109-116 

Quadrant,  range,  care  of    73,  74,  207 

description    73 

when  in  adj  ustment   76 

field  adjustment  of   80 

Range  Finder,  adjustments   97—101 

care  of 63—65,  95,  96 

description     93,  94 

use  of   -. 95,  96 

Range  quadrant,  description    73,  74 

care  of    73,  207 

field  adjustment 80 

Rear  clip,  function   18 

Recoil  indicator,  to  remove 37 

Recoil-springs,  to  clean  164 

Recoil  mechanism,  action  of,  during  firing   24 

Reloading  and  cleaning  outfit  119 

Retaining  ring   19,  23 

Road  brake,  care  of   207 

Road  brake,  Battery  and  Store  wagon 209 

Road  brake,  to  adjust  56 

to  dismount   61 

to  remove  61 

Rocker,  description    13 

to  dismount    61 

Rubberine,  paint  151 

Saddlebags,  care  of  217 

Saddle  equipment,  care  of   180—192 

Saddle  blankets,  care  and  cleaning  of  199 

Saddler's  chest  and  tools  209 

Saddle  soaps   . 179 

Sal  soda 153 

Shell,  common  steel,  description  and  action  of   113 

Shelter-halves    218 

Shank  socket,  care  of   74,  207 

Shields,  to  remove  61 

Shovels    130 

97 


Shrapnel,  common,  description  and  action  of  110 

use  of Ill 

Shrapnel,  Ehrhardt  high  explosive,  description  and  action  of   112 

Sights,  list  of G7 

when   in  adj  ustment    75 

Sight  and  Observing  Instruments,  general  instructions  63—65 

disassembling,  instructions    66 

list  of   62 

Sight,  line 68 

Sight,  front     69,  208 

Sight,  rear,  description   69,  70 

nomenclature     70 

care  of   74,  205-208 

adjustment   of    :  .   77,  79 

Sight,  panoramic,  description   71,  72 

care  of  72,  74,  207 

adjustment   of    77,  78 

Sight  shank,  care   of    74 

Sights,  spare    209 

Sights,  examined    206 

care  of  168 

Signal  equipment   206 

Single-tree    208 

Soaps,  castile 155,  177 

H.  &  H 154,  199,  201 

Gibson's  Polish  150 

Saddle,  Hollingshead's    156,  179 

Spanner  wrenches 127 

Spare  parts,  contents  and  pouch  for 126,  208 

Spoon     ' 272 

Spur   straps    217 

Sperm  oil    142 

Split   pins    128 

Spring  compressor    , 47,  48,  49,  50 

Spring  support    23 

Stuffing  box,  to  pack 42 

Store   Wagon    209 

Sub-caliber  cartridge,  care  and  cleaning  of  196 

Surplus  Kit 214 

Swabbing  solution  for  pistols,  etc 157 

Telescope.  B.  C.  adjustment  83,  01.  92 

•   care    of •. .   63-65,  83-85 

description    81,  82 

use  of    83-85 

Tent,  shelter  half  218 

Tentage    :.":<) 

Tin  cup  212 

Tools  and  accessories  124-134 

Tool   kit 125 

Tools  for  gun  and  carriage   1 '-  < 

Tools  for  limber   > 

Trail,  description  of   i-~ 

to  dismount   61 

Traversing  mechanism,  description   17 

to  dismount  and  assemble   58,  168 

to  clean    166.  205,  207 

Uniform,  field   Ml 

Vaseline     141 

Vise     209 

98 


Web  equipment,  care  of 200-202 

Wheels,  description    14,  28 

to  clean  and  lubricate 167,  169,  205-208 

to  remove 58 

care   of    Hi'i 

Wheels,  new,  care  of   , 200 

Wheel  fastening   14,  2S 

to  remove   ">s 

Wheels,  spare    . . .  • :><)<> 

Wheels,  painting  of    209 

Wire,  copper   125 

Wrenches    .  .   127 


99 


YC  M308 


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